surveying iii (topographic and geodetic surveys) - Modern Prepper

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f. Multiple/Repeat Baseline Connections. Table 5-3, pages 5-17 and 5-18 shows the recommendedcriteria for baseline connections between stations, repeat baseline observations, and multiple stationoccupations. Many of these standards were developed by the Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee(FGCS) for performing high-precision geodetic-control surveys.g. Loop Requirements. A loop (traverse) provides the mechanism for performing field datavalidation as well as final-adjustment accuracy analysis. Since loops of GPS baselines are comparable totraditional EDME/taped traverse routes, misclosures and adjustments can be handled similarly. MostGPS-S nets (static or kinematic) end up with one or more interconnecting loops that are either internalfrom a single fixed point or external through two or more fixed network points. Loops should be closedoff at the spacing, as indicated in Table 5-3, pages 5-17 and 5-18. Loop closures should meet the criteriaspecified in Table 5-3, based on the total loop length.5-32. Network Design and Layout. A wide variety of survey configuration methods may be used todensify project control using GPS-S techniques. Unlike conventional triangulation and EDME traversesurveying, the shape or geometry of the GPS network design is not as significant. The followingguidelines for planning and designing proposed GPS-Ss are intended to support lower-order (secondorder,Class I or 1:50,000 or less accuracy) military control surveys where relative accuracies at thecentimeter level or better are required over a small project area.a. Incorporate Newly Established Global Positioning System Control. Newly Established GPScontrol may or may not be incorporated into the NGRS, depending on the adequacy of the connection tothe existing NGRS network or whether it was tied only internally to existing project control.b. Develop a Network Design. When developing a network design, it is important to obtain themost economical coverage within the prescribed project accuracy requirements. The optimum networkdesign provides a minimum amount of baseline/loop redundancy without an unnecessary amount ofobservation. Obtaining this optimum design (cost versus accuracy) is difficult and changes constantlydue to evolving GPS technology and satellite coverage.c. Plan a Global Positioning System Survey Network. Planning a GPS-S network is similar toplanning for conventional triangulation or traversing. The type of survey design used is dependent onthe GPS technique and the user requirements. A GPS network is proposed when established surveycontrol is used in precise-network densification (1:50,000 to 1:100,000). When the networking methodis selected, the surveyor should devise a survey network that is geometrically sound. Figure 5-2 showsan example of a step-by-step method to build a GPS-S network.EN 0593 5-20
Figure 5-2. GPS-S Network Designd. Determine a Global Positioning System Survey Technique. After a GPS network has beendesigned and laid out, a GPS-S technique needs to be considered. Choose the most efficient method--one which minimizes time and cost while still providing the necessary accuracy requirements of a givenproject. Once a technique is chosen, the equipment requirements, observation schedules, session'sdesignations, and planning functions can be determined.e. Determine the Type of Global Positioning System Instrumentation. The type of GPSinstrumentation used on a project depends on the accuracy requirements, the GPS-S technique, theproject size, and economics. Dual-frequency receivers are recommended as baseline lengths approach orexceed 50 kilometers. The length may also vary depending on the amount of solar activity during theobservation period. Using a dual-frequency receiver permits the user to solve5-21 EN0593
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SUBCOURSEEN0593EDITIONAUNITED STATE
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TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:ACTION:
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Part G: Adjusting Precise-Positioni
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PART A - FIGURES OF THE EARTH1-1. T
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Figure 1-2. Flattening Fractiona. T
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1-3. Geoid. In geodesy, precise com
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point in the survey to provide the
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one side of a triangle and all of t
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Figure 1-10. Simple Triangulation N
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observation, contains a light sourc
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of a horizontal rod with a small sp
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The Airy theory, announced by G. B.
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Figure 1-15. Products of the Gravim
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a. If the shape of the earth was ex
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Figure 1-16. Single Astronomic Stat
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Figure 1-17. Astro-Geodetic Deflect
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Figure 1-19. Astro-Geodetic Datum O
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(c) The significance of a gravity-o
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absolute deflections of the vertica
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Figure 1-23. Preferred Datumsa. The
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1-17. The World Geodetic System. Be
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Figure 1-25. Using the Same Referen
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
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12. Which of the following is assum
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LESSON 1PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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for all military and civilian activ
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i. Additional support for other top
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2-7. Status. At present, topographi
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in both. (North American Datum of 1
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water can impede leveling operation
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A field recording booklet. A single
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PART I - OFFICE WORK2-24. General.
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PART J - SURVEY COMMUNICATION2-28.
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length or side is known, and all th
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second-order, Class I net. The leng
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The number of observations required
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to perform the reconnaissance. Fail
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and cultivated, or fields may have
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e an alphanumeric symbol that is st
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2-53. Intervisibility of Stations.
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station is (K/2) 2 x 0.0676, or one
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Figure 2-8. Similar Triangles Solut
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2-54. Height of Obstructions. It is
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authorized to change the name, it s
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Figure 2-12. Cells Connected in Par
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added as the cells weaken. Three un
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Figure 2-16. Construction Details f
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2-60. Wooden Towers. When it become
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11. The face of the 5-inch signal l
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average line in a triangulation sys
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3-4. Slope Measurements. The slope
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strip as close as possible to its f
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. Sight along the tops of both of t
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Column 1. Record the station number
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stake to steady it. With the back o
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Figure 3-3. DA Form 4446 (Sample of
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micrometer in this optical system i
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laterally across the front of the e
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Figure 3-7. Horizontal Circle and M
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out of adjustment. If the index mar
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(1) In order to avoid instrumental
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location of the vertical circle on
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Figure 3-13. Open Traversec. Closed
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designate the exact point of refere
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example, a line with an azimuth of
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When adjusting a traverse that star
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11. The unit of graduation on a hor
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THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
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differential leveling. The theodoli
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additional runs are made due to exc
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Figure 4-2. Wild N-3 Precision Leve
Page 156 and 157: (8) Loosen the azimuth clamp (13),
Page 158 and 159: 4.7. Miscellaneous Equipment. In ad
Page 160 and 161: (2) To check for gross errors in th
Page 162 and 163: (a) (1) Begin by completing the inf
Page 164 and 165: Set up and level the instrument. Re
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4-8. Sun and Wind Code(5) Th
Page 168 and 169: (10) Enter the interval between the
Page 170 and 171: Figure 4-9. Closed-Circuit River Cr
Page 172 and 173: Figure 4-11. Sample DA Form 5820 (R
Page 174 and 175: is 0. When the telescope is pointed
Page 176 and 177: stations. However, since all statio
Page 178 and 179: a. Complete the heading, as shown.b
Page 180 and 181: a. (1) Enter the date, as in the sa
Page 182 and 183: LESSON 4PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 184 and 185: 11. The maximum length of site to o
Page 186 and 187: LESSON 4PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 188 and 189: PART A - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
Page 190 and 191: 5-7. Pseudorange. A pseudorange is
Page 192 and 193: 5-15. Number of Pseudorange Observa
Page 194 and 195: i. Probable Error Measures. The acc
Page 196 and 197: Table 5-1. Representative GPS Error
Page 198 and 199: Table 5-2. Carrier Phase Trackinga.
Page 200 and 201: exercise extreme caution in applyin
Page 202 and 203: not be designed or performed to ach
Page 204 and 205: Table 5-3. GPS-S Design, Geometry,
Page 208 and 209: possible ionospheric and tropospher
Page 210 and 211: Figures 5-4. PDOP Versus Time PlotP
Page 212 and 213: e. Field Processing and Verificatio
Page 214 and 215: All carrier phase relative-surveyin
Page 216 and 217: time spent and the cost of conducti
Page 218 and 219: movement between occupation sites,
Page 220 and 221: 5-37. General. GPS baseline solutio
Page 222 and 223: (1) Receiver Time. This technique u
Page 224 and 225: NOTE: Repeated baselines should be
Page 226 and 227: 5-43. Loop Closure Checks. Postproc
Page 228 and 229: necessary to determine approximate
Page 230 and 231: This will ensure that future work w
Page 232 and 233: may (and usually does) far exceed t
Page 234 and 235: important in evaluating the overall
Page 236 and 237: i. Relative GPS baseline standard e
Page 238 and 239: LESSON 5PRACTICE EXERCISEThe follow
Page 240 and 241: 12. When the networking method is s
Page 242 and 243: LESSON 5PRACTICE EXERCISEANSWER KEY
Page 244 and 245: THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLA
Page 246 and 247: FAR-77 obstructions. Aircraft-movem
Page 248 and 249: Figure 6-1. Imaginary SurfacesEN059
Page 250 and 251: Figure 6-3. Approach Surfacesa. Fed
Page 252 and 253: . Federal Aviation Regulation-77, S
Page 254 and 255: Table 6-4. Airport Obstruction Accu
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A horizontal scale of 1:12,000 and
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Figure 6-4. Sample DA Form 5821 (Ai
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Figure 6-5. Sample DA Form 5822 (PA
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