Research resourcesReferences1.International Council of Nurses. Practical Guide for Nursing Research,1998. Edited by WL Holzemer. Geneva: ICN.2.International Council of Nurses. Nursing Research: A Tool for Action,2002. Geneva: ICN. Available: http://www.icn.ch/matters_research.htm3.Ibid. ICN, 1998.4.International Council of Nurses. Research Network Bulletin N° 13, 2007.Geneva: ICN. Available: http://icn.ch/resnetbulletin.htm5.The National Institute of Nursing Research. HIV Prevention ProgramReaching Hispanic Youths Reduces Risky Sexual Behaviors, 2006.Available: http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2006/ninr-07.htm6.Royal College of Nursing. Nurse Researchers Find Hidden EarlySymp<strong>to</strong>ms of Lung Cancer, 2003. London: RCN. Available:http://www.rcn.org.uk/news/display.php?ID=409&area=Press7.Nursing Spectrum. Nurse Researchers Find Faster Way <strong>to</strong> CounterMalignant Hyper<strong>the</strong>rmia, 2007. Washing<strong>to</strong>n: Gannett Healthcare GroupAvailable: http://news.nurse.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070611/OR/306110014/10168.International Centre for Nurse Migration. ICNM eNews, 2006.Philadelphia: ICNM. Available: http://www.intlnursemigration.org/download/enews/ICNMeNEWS-Autumn2006.pdf9.The National Institute of Nursing Research. Changing Practice, ChangingLives: 10 L<strong>and</strong>mark Nursing Research Studies, 2006.http://www.ninr.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/6F8585AD-A8AC-40D1-B368-84704AF4EED1/0/10L<strong>and</strong>markNursingResearchStudies.pdf10.Snow T. Trust rejects money-saving specialist diabetes post. NursingSt<strong>and</strong>ard, 2007, 21 (24). London: RCN Publishing Company Limited.11.Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Interdisciplinary Nursing QualityResearch Initiative, 2007. Available: http://www.inqri.org/#12.Ibid. The National Institute of Nursing Research, 2006.13.Ibid. The National Institute of Nursing Research, 2006.14.Department of Health <strong>and</strong> Children. A Research Strategy for Nursing <strong>and</strong>Midwifery in Irel<strong>and</strong>: Final Report, 2003. Dublin: The Stationary Office.Available: http://www.ncnm.ie/files/Research%20Strategy%202003.pdf15.Danish Nurses’ Organization. National Strategy for Nursing Research2005-2010, 2005. Denmark: DNO.16.International Council of Nurses. Ethics in Nursing Practice: A Guide <strong>to</strong>Ethical Decision-making (second edition), 2002. Geneva: ICN.17.Ibid. International Council of Nurses, 2002.18.Ibid. ICN, 2002.19.Ibid. ICN, 2002.20.Oul<strong>to</strong>n J. Nursing Research Needs our Stewardship Now, 2007.Manuscript sumbitted for publication.21.Ibid. Oul<strong>to</strong>n, 2007.22.ICN. Position Statement: Nursing Research, 1999. Geneva: ICN.Available: http://www.icn.ch/psresearch99.htm23.International Council of Nurses. Practical Guide for Nursing Research,1998. Edited by WL Holzemer. Geneva: ICN.24.Ibid. Oul<strong>to</strong>n, 2007.Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 121
Research resourcesThe need <strong>to</strong> developresearch capacityArticle by Mary Ann D Lansang (pictured) <strong>and</strong> Rodolfo J DennisThe need for <strong>health</strong> research capacity streng<strong>the</strong>ning(RCS) is widely recognized as a major unmet need,particularly in low- <strong>and</strong> middle-income countries(LMICs) 1,2,3,4 . Despite revolutionary advances in <strong>health</strong>research, science <strong>and</strong> technology, <strong>health</strong> gains among <strong>the</strong>poor continue <strong>to</strong> lag far behind <strong>the</strong> pace of <strong>health</strong>improvement among <strong>the</strong> wealthy. RCS efforts, which havebeen largely uncoordinated <strong>and</strong> inadequately funded, haveyet <strong>to</strong> make a significant impact on addressing <strong>the</strong> wideninginequities in <strong>health</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>health</strong> human resources.Recent global, regional <strong>and</strong> national developments havemade <strong>the</strong> agenda of RCS all <strong>the</strong> more important <strong>and</strong> urgent.Moreover, new challenges for RCS have emerged as a resul<strong>to</strong>f <strong>the</strong>se developments. In response, three internationalbodies – <strong>the</strong> Council on Health Research for Development(COHRED), <strong>the</strong> Global Forum for Health Research, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>Special Programme for Research <strong>and</strong> Training in TropicalDiseases (TDR) – agreed <strong>to</strong> collaborate, in order <strong>to</strong> support<strong>and</strong> <strong>to</strong> improve <strong>the</strong> performance of national <strong>health</strong> researchsystems, particularly in LMICs 5 . In this paper, we reviewrecent developments <strong>and</strong> discuss <strong>the</strong> implications <strong>and</strong>opportunities for strategic action for streng<strong>the</strong>ning researchcapacity.Recent trends influencing <strong>health</strong> RCSTo determine <strong>the</strong> opportunities <strong>and</strong> strategies for RCS in <strong>the</strong>future, it is necessary <strong>to</strong> track new developments that arelikely <strong>to</strong> affect RCS initiatives. Key developments have beenselected from <strong>the</strong> following spheres of influence: <strong>the</strong> policyenvironment, <strong>the</strong> different research ac<strong>to</strong>rs, major <strong>health</strong>problems, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>to</strong>ols <strong>and</strong> competencies for <strong>health</strong>research.Global <strong>health</strong> policy environmentThere is strong convergence in <strong>the</strong> international communityon <strong>the</strong> importance of strong <strong>health</strong> systems in achieving <strong>the</strong>goals of improved <strong>health</strong> <strong>and</strong> alleviating poverty. Likewise,<strong>the</strong> WHO Commission on Macroeconomics <strong>and</strong> Health, <strong>the</strong>countries resolving <strong>to</strong> achieve <strong>the</strong> UN MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Global Fund <strong>to</strong> fightAIDS, Tuberculosis <strong>and</strong> Malaria have underscored <strong>the</strong> needfor <strong>health</strong> research <strong>to</strong> support <strong>the</strong> goals of <strong>health</strong> <strong>and</strong>development. This was reiterated in November 2004 bydelegates at <strong>the</strong> Ministerial Summit on Health Research <strong>and</strong>Forum 8 in Mexico City, even as <strong>the</strong>y recognized <strong>the</strong> limitedcapacity in LMICs <strong>to</strong> tackle <strong>the</strong> research agenda fordevelopment 3,4 .Funds for <strong>health</strong> researchResource flows for <strong>health</strong> research significantly increasedfrom US$ 84.9 billion in 1998 <strong>to</strong> US$ 125.8 in 2003.However, it has been difficult <strong>to</strong> track how much of <strong>the</strong> global<strong>health</strong> research funds go <strong>to</strong> RCS. International <strong>health</strong>research (IHR) has been used as a proxy for RCS. Thisconsists largely of official development assistance (ODA) <strong>to</strong>build <strong>and</strong> streng<strong>the</strong>n “<strong>health</strong> research for development” <strong>and</strong>has seen a moderate increase in funding from 1998 <strong>to</strong> 2001,with fur<strong>the</strong>r increases projected until 2006, notably from <strong>the</strong>USA, UK, France, Italy <strong>and</strong> Germany 6 .In 2003, a notable research programme with a sizeableRCS component was launched by <strong>the</strong> European Commission:<strong>the</strong> European & Developing Countries Clinical TrialsPartnership (EDCTP). This long-term programme has initiallyobligated a <strong>to</strong>tal of €600 million for 2003–2007 <strong>to</strong> developnew interventions against HIV/AIDS, malaria <strong>and</strong> TB, with<strong>the</strong> collaboration of European <strong>and</strong> African scientists. In recentyears, <strong>the</strong> private not-for-profit sec<strong>to</strong>r, led by <strong>the</strong> Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation, has also increasingly caught <strong>the</strong>attention <strong>and</strong> imagination of <strong>health</strong> researchers with itstargeted <strong>and</strong> high-stakes approach <strong>to</strong> selected IHR initiativessuch as <strong>the</strong> Gr<strong>and</strong> Challenges in Global Health <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> GlobalHIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise.The steady increases in funds for IHR are potentialopportunities for RCS. However, since <strong>the</strong> bulk of <strong>the</strong> hugeIHR grants are coursed through scientists <strong>and</strong> institutionsfrom High-income countries (HICs), national <strong>health</strong> researchsystems <strong>and</strong> researchers in LMICs need <strong>to</strong> be streng<strong>the</strong>ned <strong>to</strong>negotiate fairly <strong>and</strong> squarely throughout <strong>the</strong> research process.Emerging public <strong>health</strong> problemsInfectious diseases, nutrition <strong>and</strong> child <strong>and</strong> maternal <strong>health</strong>continue <strong>to</strong> be major public <strong>health</strong> concerns in LMICs <strong>and</strong>among <strong>the</strong> poor in HICs. But epidemiological trends in LMICswarn against equally disastrous consequences in morbidity<strong>and</strong> mortality from cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus<strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r chronic diseases.Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 123
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