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Access to healthReferences continued52.Link BG et al. A modified labeling theory approach in the area of mentaldisorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review,1989, 54:100-123.53.Hirschfeld RM et al. The National Depressive and Manic-DepressiveAssociation consensus statement on the undertreatment of depression.Journal of the American Medical Association,1997, 277(4):333-340.54.Rost K, Smith GR, Taylor JL. Rural-urban differences in stigma and theuse of care for depressive disorders. Journal of Rural Health, 1993,9(1):57-62.55.Hoyt DR et al. Psychological distress and help seeking in rural America.American Journal of Community Psychology, 1997, 25(4):449-470.56.Fox JC et al. Mental disorders and help seeking in a rural impoverishedpopulation. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 1999,29(2):181-195.57.Smith LD, McGovern RJ, Peck PL. Factors contributing to the utilizationof mental health services in a rural setting. Psychological Reports, 2004,95(2):435-442.58.Costello EJ, Keeler GP, Angold A. Poverty, race/ethnicity, and psychiatricdisorder: a study of rural children. American Journal of Public Health,2001, 91(9):1494-1498.59.Angold A et al. Psychiatric disorder, impairment, and service use in ruralAfrican American and white youth. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2002,59(10):893-901.60.Gregoire A. The mental health of farmers. Occupational Medicine, 2002,52(8):471-476, London.61.Hawton K et al. The geographical distribution of suicides in farmers inEngland and Wales. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology,1999, 34(3):122-127.62.Thomas HV et al. Mental health of British farmers. Journal ofOccupational and Environmental Medicine, 2003, 60(3):181-185.63.Voracek M, Fisher ML, Marusic A. The Finno-Ugrian suicide hypothesis:variation in European suicide rates by latitude and longitude. Perceptualand Motor Skills, 2003, 97(2):401-406.64.Notkola VJ, Martikainen P, Leino PI. Time trends in mortality in forestryand construction workers in Finland 1970–85 and impact of adjustmentfor socioeconomic variables. Journal of Epidemiology and CommunityHealth, 1993, 47(3):186-191.65.Li ZJ et al. [The study of poisoning-suicide-attempted patients inemergency departments of 25 hospitals in China]. Zhonghua Liu XingBing Xue Za Zhi, 2004, 25(4):285-287.66.Page AN, Fragar LJ. Suicide in Australian farming, 1988–1997.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 2002, 36(1):81-85.67.Sundar M. Suicide in farmers in India. British Journal of Psychiatry,1999, 175:585-586.68.World Health Organization. World Health Report 2001. Mental Health:New Understanding, New Hope. Geneva: World Health Organization,2001.69.Saxena S et al. Scarcity, inequity and inefficiency of resources: threemajor obstacles to better mental health. The Lancet, 2007, (in press).70.The Lancet Global Mental Health Group. Scale up services for mentaldisorders: a call for action. The Lancet, 2007, (in press).066 ✜ Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4
Access to healthThe diverse pathways fromglobalization to healthArticle by Maud MTE Huynen (pictured), Pim Martens and Henk BM HilderinkAchieving good health has become an acceptedinternational goal. In our attempts to realize this goal,however, we have to recognize that our (future) healthincreasingly depends on the globalization process. This was,for example, clearly demonstrated by the rapid global spreadof SARS in 2003. On the other hand, the growing globalinterconnectedness also means that we have more capacitythan ever before to respond to such health treats. Due to theincreasing geographical scale of important health issues, thecall for a global approach to health becomes stronger. Whatthis exactly means, however, remains unclear 1 . The multiplepathways from globalization to health are surrounded byuncertainty 2 . In the resulting polarized debate about thehealth effects of globalization, it is difficult to discuss howglobalization should move forward 3 . In order to improve ourunderstanding of the diverse pathways from globalization tohealth, we describe a conceptual framework for the effects ofglobalization on population health 2 .Conceptual framework for globalization andhealthHealth can be perceived as the integrated outcome of itsmultidimensional determinants 4 . The nature of thesedeterminants (institutional, economic, socio-cultural andenvironmental) and their level of causality (proximal, distaland contextual) can be combined into a basic framework thatconceptualizes the complex multi-causality of populationhealth. Figure 1 and Table 1 provide an overview of the widerange of health determinants that can be fitted within thisframework 2 . This framework illustrates the broader contextwithin which the health of a population develops.Globalization is increasingly perceived as a comprehensivephenomenon that is shaped by a multitude of factors andevents, and that is reshaping our society rapidly. Based on thework by Scholte 5 , Held et al. 6 and Rennen and Martens 7 , wedefine globalization as “a process characterized by a growingintensity, extensity and velocity of institutional, economic,EconomicdeterminantsEconomicinfrastructureEconomicdevelopmenttradeSocio-culturaldeterminantsCulturepopulationsocial infrastructureKnowledgesocialinteractionsInstitutionaldeterminantsInstitutionalinfrastructureHealth policyhealth-relatedpolicyHealthservices–SocioenvironmentallifestylePopulationhealthPhysical livingenvironmentfood & waterEcosystemgoods & servicesEcologicalsettingsEnvironmentaldeterminantsContextualdeterminantsDistaldeterminantsProximaldeterminantsFigure 1: Multi-nature and multi-level framework for population 2Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 067
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Contents096 Child immunization: acc
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