Combining health and social protection measures to reach the ultra ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Decision-making✜ develop a critical mass of researchers in the field ofhealth workforce research;✜ build health workforce research into national healthsystems research agendas;✜ strengthen the link between policy-makers andresearchers at country level;✜ promote innovative approaches to bridge the gapbetween producers and users of research – for example,by organizing workshops that bring together policymakersand researchers;✜ harness the production of and increase the access tolocally developed research, including operational research;✜ promote access to external research by creating networksof researchers and building libraries of best practices. ❏Manuel M Dayrit became the Director of the Human Resources forHealth Department at WHO in August 2005. Following a Bachelor ofArts at the Ateneo de Manila University, Manuel M Dayrit earned hisDoctor of Medicine degree from the University of the Philippines in1976 and a Master of Science in Community Health from theLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He spent most ofhis professional career in the Philippines, beginning as a communityphysician in the villages of Mindanao, Southern Philippines,eventually rising to serve as the country’s Secretary of Health (HealthMinister) from February 2001 until May 2005.Mario Roberto Dal Poz is now Coordinator of Tools, Evidence andPolicy within the Department of Human Resources for Health, WorldHealth Organization (WHO). He trained as a medical doctor in theUniversity of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1973), MarioRoberto Dal Poz and also holds a Degree of Medical Specialist inPediatrics and a Masters in Social Medicine from the sameuniversity. With a PhD in Public Health from Oswaldo CruzFoundation, Brazil (1996), he is Associate Professor of the SocialMedicine Institute, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,and was its Deputy Director from 1992 to 2000. Mario Roberto DalPoz joined the Department of Human Resources for Health at WHOin 2000.Hugo Mercer is now Acting Coordinator for PerformanceImprovement and Education, department of Human Resources forHealth World Health Organization, (WHO). A sociologist, withpostgraduate studies in Sociology at El Colegio de Mexico(1982–84), Evaluation at the Evaluation Center, Western MichiganUniversity (1996), and University of Buenos Aires (PhD abt), HugoMercer is full professor of Sociology of Health at the School ofSocial Sciences, University of Buenos Aires. He has worked forWHO and other international organizations as a consultant in thearea of Human Resources, in different Latin American countries.He joined the Human Resources for Health Department at WHO in2002 and is Deputy Editor of Human Resources for Health, anonline journal, (since 2006).Carmen Dolea currently works in the Director’s Office, humanresources for health department, WHO as Medical Officer. Followinggraduation as a medical doctor at the University of Medicine andPharmacy in Bucharest in 1994, Carmen Dolea trained as a familyphysician and public health/health services management specialist.She then completed her Master’s degree in Public Health andManagement of Health Services at the same University. CarmenDolea joined the Human Resources for Health team in August 2002.References1.Report on WHO workshop on formulating a global research agenda forhuman resources for health. Cape Town, 6–8 September 2004. WorldHealth Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004.2.World Health Report 2006: working together for health. World HealthOrganization, Geneva, 2006.3.Report of the Task Force on Health Systems Research. World HealthOrganization, Geneva, 2005. (available at:http://www.who.int/rpc/summit/Task_Force_on_HSR_2.pdf, accessed on12 February 2006).4.Cochrane Database of systematic reviews. (available at:http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/cochrane_clsysrev_articles_fs.html, accessed on 12 February 2006).5.Human resources for health: overcoming the crisis. Cambridge,Massachusetts, USA, Joint Learning Initiative, 2004.6.Zurn P, Dolea C, Stilwell B. Nurse retention and recruitment: developinga motivated workforce. International Council of Nurses, Geneva, 2005[http://www.icn.ch/global/Issue4Retention.pdf].7.Hasselhorn H-S, Müller BS, Tackenberg P, eds. Sustaining working abilityin the nursing profession – investigation of premature departure fromwork. Nurses Early Exit Study – NEXT. NEXT Scientific Report.Wuppertal, University of Wuppertal, July 2005.8.Awases M et al. Migration of health professionals in six countries: asynthesis report. World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa,Brazzaville, 2003.9.Stilwell B et al. Developing evidence-based ethical policies on themigration of health workers: conceptual and practical challenges. HumanResources for Health, 2003, 1:8.10.Zurn P et al. Imbalance in the health workforce. Human Resources forHealth, 2004, 2:13.11.Ferrinho P et al. Dual practice in the health sector: review of theevidence. Human Resources for Health, 2004, 2:14.12.Hongoro C, McPake B. How to bridge the gap in human resources forhealth. The Lancet, 2004; 364:1451–1456.13.Black N. Health care workforce: how research can help. Editorial. Journalof Health Services Research & Policy, 2004, 9 (Suppl. 1):1-2.14.Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. Evidence fromsystematic reviews of effects to inform policy making about optimizing thesupply, improving the distribution, increasing the efficiency and enhancingthe performance of health workers. A policy brief prepared for theInternational Dialogue on Evidence-informed Action to Achieve Healthgoals in developing countries (IDEAHealth). Khon Kaen, Thailand, 13-16December 2006(http://www.who.int/rpc/meetings/ideahealth/en/index6.html, accessed on18 July 2007).15.Africa HRH Observatory: concept and implementation strategy. Draft 7.(http://www.afro.who.int/hrh-observatory/index.html, accessed 18 July2007).162 ✜ Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4
Decision-makingInequities in health status:findings from the 2001 GlobalBurden of Disease studyArticle by Alan Lopez (pictured) and Colin MathersThe 1990 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studydeveloped a comprehensive framework for integrating,validating, analyzing, and disseminating fragmentedinformation on the health of populations so that it is trulyuseful for health policy and planning 7 . Features of thisframework included the incorporation of data on nonfatalhealth outcomes into summary measures of populationhealth (described in the next subsection), the development ofmethods and approaches to estimate missing data and toassess the reliability of data, and the use of a common metricto summarize the disease burden both from diagnosticcategories of the international classification of diseases (ICD)and the major risk factors that cause those health outcomes.The basic philosophy guiding the burden of diseaseapproach is that almost all sources of health data are likely tohave information content provided that they are carefullyscreened for plausibility and completeness and that internallyconsistent estimates of the global descriptive epidemiology ofmajor conditions are possible with appropriate tools,investigator commitment, and expert opinion. Thisphilosophy remains central to the GBD 2001 study, whichhas expanded the framework of the original GBD study to:✜ quantify the burden of premature mortality and disabilityby age, sex, and region for 135 major causes or groupsof causes;✜ develop internally consistent estimates of incidence,prevalence, duration, and case fatality rates for morethan 500 sequelae resulting from the foregoing causes;✜ analyze the contribution to this burden of majorphysiological, behavioural, and social risk factors by age,sex, and region.Estimating mortality: methods and dataComplete death registration data cover only one third of theworld’s population. Some information on another third isavailable through the national sample registration systemsand urban death registration systems of India and China. Forthe remaining one third of the world’s population, includingmost countries in sub-Saharan Africa, only partial informationis available from epidemiological studies, disease registers,and surveillance systems.To estimate the number of deaths by cause we drew on thefollowing four broad sources of data:✜ Death registration systems. Complete or incompletedeath registration systems provide information aboutcauses of death for almost all high-income countriesand for many countries in Europe (Eastern) and CentralAsia and in Latin America and the Caribbean. Somevital registration information is also available in allother regions.✜ Sample death registration systems. In China and India,sample registration systems for rural areas supplementurban death registration systems. Information systemsnow provide information on causes of death for severalother large countries for which information was notavailable at the time of the original GBD study.✜ Epidemiological assessments. Epidemiologists haveestimated deaths for specific causes, such as HIV/AIDS,malaria, and tuberculosis (TB), for most countries in theregions most affected. These estimates usually combineinformation from surveys on the incidence or prevalenceof the disease with data on case fatality rates.✜ Cause of death models. The cause of death models usedin the original GBD study 7 were substantially revised andenhanced for estimating deaths by broad cause group inregions with limited information on mortality. TheCodMod software developed for this study and describedlater drew on a data set of 1613 country-years ofobservation of cause of death distributions from 58countries between 1950 and 2001.For the GBD 2001 study, age- and sex-specific death rateswere calculated from the death and population data providedby countries, with adjustments made for completeness of theregistration data where needed, and then total deaths by ageand sex were calculated for each country by applying theserates to the United Nations Population Division estimates ofde facto populations for 2001.Four methods were used to construct life tables for eachcountry depending on the type of data available 2 :✜ Countries with death registration data for 2001. Suchdata were used directly to construct life tables for 56countries after adjusting for incomplete registration ifnecessary.✜ Countries with a time series of death registration data.Where the latest year of death registration data availableGlobal Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 163
Page 3 and 4:
Editorial Advisory Board:Luis Gabri
Page 5 and 6:
Contents096 Child immunization: acc
Page 7 and 8:
IntroductionResearch contributions
Page 9 and 10:
IntroductionType IType IIType IIIPr
Page 11 and 12:
Introductionmaking), takes account
Page 13:
Access to healthStrengthening healt
Page 16 and 17:
Access to healthTraining more healt
Page 18 and 19:
Access to healthimperative for acti
Page 20 and 21:
Access to healthReferences1.Further
Page 22 and 23:
Access to healthDeterminantsAvailab
Page 24 and 25:
Access to healthThe authors are inv
Page 26 and 27:
Access to healthCombining health an
Page 28 and 29:
Access to health100%Availability of
Page 30 and 31:
Access to healthhypothesis that an
Page 32 and 33:
Access to healthMandatory clinical
Page 34 and 35:
Access to healthWhile there are som
Page 36 and 37:
Access to healthItemDefinition/Expl
Page 38 and 39:
Access to healthReferences continue
Page 40 and 41:
Access to healthintegrating individ
Page 42 and 43:
Access to healthA social determinan
Page 44 and 45:
Access to healthemployment conditio
Page 46 and 47:
Access to healthMaking human rights
Page 48 and 49:
Access to healthResources outsideth
Page 50 and 51:
Access to healthReferences1.McCoy D
Page 52 and 53:
Access to healthand financial burde
Page 54 and 55:
Access to healthDiscrimination as a
Page 56 and 57:
Access to health“Two months ago I
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Access to healthsocio-cultural and
Page 62 and 63:
Access to healthIntergovernmental P
Page 64 and 65:
Access to healthand conference stat
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
InnovationTowards the development o
Page 70 and 71:
InnovationMajor classificationMajor
Page 72 and 73:
Innovation60% of enterprises5040302
Page 74 and 75:
InnovationUsing the power ofintelle
Page 76 and 77:
Innovationbe adapted - and harnesse
Page 78 and 79:
InnovationFinancing of vaccine R&D-
Page 80 and 81:
InnovationFinancing Ultimate Interm
Page 82 and 83:
Innovationsome of this risk might b
Page 84 and 85:
InnovationChild immunization:accele
Page 86 and 87:
Innovationare revealing previously
Page 88 and 89:
InnovationDeveloping countries % De
Page 90 and 91:
Innovationcapacities. It is indeed
Page 92 and 93:
InnovationSome plausible causes of
Page 94 and 95: Innovationwhere he was a programme
Page 96 and 97: Research resourcesResearch impact o
Page 98 and 99: Research resourcesBiotechnologists6
Page 100 and 101: Research resources1,61001,41,219080
Page 102 and 103: Research resourcesReferences1.The R
Page 104 and 105: Research resources✜ A group of nu
Page 106 and 107: Research resourcesReferences1.Inter
Page 108 and 109: Research resourcesThe threat of pan
Page 110 and 111: Research resourcesChanging environm
Page 112 and 113: Research resourcesPartnerships offe
Page 114 and 115: Research resourcesWe encourage othe
Page 116 and 117: Research resources181614No. of PPPs
Page 118 and 119: Research resources12010080604020Pro
Page 120 and 121: Research resourcesCapacity strength
Page 122 and 123: Research resourcestreatment is prov
Page 124 and 125: Research resourcesSmall scale busin
Page 126 and 127: Research resourcesthis process in a
Page 128 and 129: Research resourcesways. For instanc
Page 130 and 131: Decision-making148 Delivering evide
Page 132: Decision-makingChallenges in employ
Page 136 and 137: Decision-makingUsing evidence forpo
Page 138 and 139: Decision-makingdesire to publish. T
Page 140 and 141: Decision-makingsystems development.
Page 142 and 143: Decision-makingTowards evidence-inf
Page 146 and 147: Decision-makingwas prior to 2001, a
Page 148 and 149: Decision-makingGlobal and regional
Page 150 and 151: Decision-makingHigh-incomeChildrenE
Page 152 and 153: Decision-makingLow- and middle-inco
Page 154 and 155: Decision-makingLow- and middle-inco
Page 156 and 157: Decision-makingthan a quarter of th
Page 158 and 159: Decision-makingThe potentials of in
Page 160 and 161: Decision-makingGenerally, any resea
Page 162 and 163: Decision-makingReferences1.Hawes H.
show all

Combining health and social protection measures to reach the ultra ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?