Access <strong>to</strong> <strong>health</strong>The authors are involved in a number of initiatives addressingquestions of equitable access. They include <strong>the</strong> HealthSystems Knowledge Network of World Health Organization’s(WHO) Commission on <strong>the</strong> Social Determinants of Health; 47<strong>the</strong> Regional Network on Equity in Health in Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Africa(EQUINET) (www.equinetafrica.org), <strong>the</strong> multi-countryConsortium for Research on Equitable Health Systems(CREHS), funded by <strong>the</strong> UK Government Department forInternational Development (www.crehs.lshtm.ac.uk), <strong>and</strong> arecently initiated research programme entitled “ResearchingEquitable Access <strong>to</strong> Health Care” (REACH) in South Africa. ❏Lucy Gilson <strong>and</strong> Helen Schneider are associate professors at <strong>the</strong>Centre for Health Policy, University of Witwatersr<strong>and</strong>. Lucy Gilsonalso holds an appointment as Professor of Health Policy <strong>and</strong>Systems at <strong>the</strong> London School of Hygiene <strong>and</strong> Tropical Medicine,where she is Associate Direc<strong>to</strong>r of <strong>the</strong> Consortium for Research onEquitable Health Systems. She recently coordinated <strong>the</strong> HealthSystems Knowledge Network of WHO’s Commission on <strong>the</strong> SocialDeterminants of Health, <strong>and</strong> is on <strong>the</strong> Steering Committee of <strong>the</strong>Sou<strong>the</strong>rn African Network EQUINET. Helen Schneider is coprincipalinvestiga<strong>to</strong>r on <strong>the</strong> South Africa-based ResearchingEquitable Access <strong>to</strong> Health Care research programme.References1.Travis P et al. Overcoming <strong>health</strong>-systems constraints <strong>to</strong> achieve <strong>the</strong>Millennium Development Goals. The Lancet, 2004, 364:900-06.2.Hanson K et al. Exp<strong>and</strong>ing access <strong>to</strong> <strong>health</strong> interventions: a framework forunderst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>the</strong> constraints <strong>to</strong> scaling up. Journal of InternationalDevelopment, 2003, 15:1-14.3.Castro-Leal F et al. Public spending on <strong>health</strong> care in Africa: do <strong>the</strong> poorbenefit? Bulletin of <strong>the</strong> World Health Organization, 2000, 78(1):66-74.4.Schellenberg JA et al. Inequities among <strong>the</strong> very poor: <strong>health</strong> care forchildren in rural sou<strong>the</strong>rn Tanzania. The Lancet, 2003, 361:561-6.5.Gwatkin DR, Bhuyia A, Vic<strong>to</strong>ra CG. Making <strong>health</strong> systems more equitable.The Lancet, 2004, 365:1273-80.6.Gulliford M et al. What does ‘access <strong>to</strong> <strong>health</strong> care’ mean? Journal ofHealth Services Research <strong>and</strong> Policy, 2002, 7:186-188.7.Donabedian A. Aspects of medical care administration. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press, 1973.8.Penchansky R, Thomas W. The concept of access. Medical Care, 1981,19:127-140.9.Gulliford M et al. What does ‘access <strong>to</strong> <strong>health</strong> care’ mean? Journal ofHealth Services Research <strong>and</strong> Policy, 2002, 7(3):186-188.10.Hausmann-Muela S, Muela Ribera J, Nyamongo I. Health seekingbehaviour <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>health</strong> system response. Disease Control PrioritiesProject Working Paper No.14, 2003.11.Aitken, J-M, Thomas, D. Syn<strong>the</strong>sis of Final Evaluation Findings from <strong>the</strong>Nepal Safe Mo<strong>the</strong>rhood Project. Report <strong>to</strong> HMGN, DfID, Options, 2004.Accessed at http://www.nsmp.org/publications_reports/index.html, 19 July2006.12.Thiede M, Akweongo P, McIntyre D. Exploring <strong>the</strong> dimensions of access(Chapter 6). In: McIntyre D, Mooney G (eds). The Economics of HealthEquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.13.Anderson LM et al <strong>and</strong> Task Force on Community Preventive Services.Culturally competent <strong>health</strong>care systems: a systematic review. AmericanJournal of Preventive Medicine, 2003, 24:68-79.14.Dixon A et al. Is <strong>the</strong> NHS equitable? A review of <strong>the</strong> evidence. LSE Health<strong>and</strong> Social Care Discussion Paper Number 11, 2003. London: LondonSchool of Economics <strong>and</strong> Political Science.15.Palmer N. Access <strong>and</strong> Equity: evidence on <strong>the</strong> extent <strong>to</strong> which <strong>health</strong>services address <strong>the</strong> needs of <strong>the</strong> poor. In Bennett S, Gilson L <strong>and</strong> Mills A.(eds). Health, Economic Development <strong>and</strong> Household Poverty, 2007.London: Routledge.16.Gilson L. Acceptability, Trust <strong>and</strong> Equity (Chapter 7). In: McIntyre D,Mooney G (eds). The Economics of Health Equity, 2007. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.17.Lonnroth K et al. Can I afford free treatment? Perceived consequences of<strong>health</strong> care provider choices among people with tuberculosis in HO ChiMinh City, Vietnam. Social Science <strong>and</strong> Medicine, 2001, 52:935-948.18.Russell S. Treatment-seeking behaviour in urban Sri Lanka: Trusting <strong>the</strong>state, trusting private providers. Social Science <strong>and</strong> Medicine, 2005, 61,1396-1407.19.Streefl<strong>and</strong> P. Public <strong>health</strong> care under pressure in sub-Saharan Africa.Health Policy, 2005, 71, 375-382.20.Watkins RE, Plant AJ. Pathways <strong>to</strong> treatment for Tuberculosis in Bali:Patient Perspectives. Qualitative Health Research, 2004, 14, 691-703.21.Gilson L, Palmer N, Schneider H. Trust <strong>and</strong> <strong>health</strong> worker performance:exploring a conceptual framework using South African evidence. SocialScience <strong>and</strong> Medicine, 2005, 61(7): 1418-1429.22.Johansson E, Winkvist A. Trust <strong>and</strong> transparency in human encounters inTuberculosis Control: Lessons Learned from Vietnam. Qualitative HealthResearch, 2002, 12:473-491.23.Gilson L et al. Exploring <strong>the</strong> influence of workplace trust over <strong>health</strong>worker performance: Preliminary national overview report South Africa.Johannesburg: Centre for Health Policy, 2004. Available atwww.wits.ac.za/chp.24.Freedman LP. Using human rights in maternal mortality programmes: fromanalysis <strong>to</strong> strategy. International Journal of Gynaecology <strong>and</strong> Obstetrics2001, 75:51-60.25.Hous<strong>to</strong>n ES. The Past, <strong>the</strong> Present, <strong>the</strong> Future of Aboriginal Health Policy.Unpublished PhD Thesis, 2003, Division of Health Sciences, CurtinUniversity of Technology.26.Walker L, Gilson L. We are bitter but we are satisfied: Nurses as streetlevel bureaucrats in South Africa. Social Science <strong>and</strong> Medicine, 2004,59(6): 1251-1261.27.Penn-Kekana L et al. Nursing Staff Dynamics <strong>and</strong> Implications forMaternal Health Provision in Public Health Facilities in <strong>the</strong> Context ofHIV/AIDS, 2005. Johannesburg: Centre for Health Policy (South Africa) &Frontiers in Reproductive Health (South Africa), Population Council28.Scott V, Ma<strong>the</strong>ws V. Addressing <strong>the</strong> constraints on implementing equitableservice delivery policies at sub-district level. EQUINET Study Report,2005.29.Tamsma N, Berman PC. The role of <strong>the</strong> <strong>health</strong> sec<strong>to</strong>r in tackling poverty<strong>and</strong> <strong>social</strong> exclusion in Europe Dublin: European Health ManagementAssociation, 2004. Accessed fromhttp://www.euro<strong>health</strong>net.eu/content/view/97/137/, 19 July 2006.30.Shaikh BT, Hatcher J. Health seeking behaviour <strong>and</strong> <strong>health</strong> serviceutilisation in Pakistan: challenging <strong>the</strong> policy makers. Journal of PublicHealth, 2004, 27: 49-54.31.Stephens C et al. Disappearing, displaced <strong>and</strong> undervalued: a call <strong>to</strong>action for Indigenous <strong>health</strong> worldwide. The Lancet, 2006, 367: 2019-28.32.Mumtaz Z et al. Gender-based barriers <strong>to</strong> primary <strong>health</strong> care provision inPakistan: <strong>the</strong> experience of female providers Health Policy <strong>and</strong> Planning,2003, 18(3): 261-269.33.Govender V, Penn-Kekana L. Gender Biases <strong>and</strong> Discrimination: a reviewof <strong>health</strong> care interpersonal interactions, 2007. Paper prepared for <strong>the</strong>Women <strong>and</strong> Gender Equity Knowledge Hub, WHO Commission on <strong>the</strong>Social Determinants of Health.34.Armstrong K, Hughes-Halbert C, Asch DA. Patient preferences can bemisleading as explanations for racial disparities in <strong>health</strong> care. Archives ofInternal Medicine, 2006, 166:950-954.35.Palmer N et al. Health financing <strong>to</strong> promote access in low income settings– how much do we know? The Lancet, 2004, 364:1365-1370.36.Nyona<strong>to</strong>r FK et al. The Ghana Community-based Health Planning <strong>and</strong>Services Initiative for scaling up service delivery innovation. Health Policy<strong>and</strong> Planning, 2005, 20:25-34.37.Borghi J et al, on behalf of <strong>the</strong> Lancet Maternal Survival Series steeringGlobal Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 031
Access <strong>to</strong> <strong>health</strong>References continuedgroup. Mobilising financial resources for maternal <strong>health</strong>. The Lancet,2006, 368:1457-1465.38.Homedes N, Ugalde A. Improving <strong>the</strong> use of pharmaceuticals throughpatient <strong>and</strong> community level interventions. Social Science <strong>and</strong> Medicine,2001, 52:99-134.39.Bennett S et al. Working with <strong>the</strong> non-state sec<strong>to</strong>r <strong>to</strong> achieve public <strong>health</strong>goals. Making Health Systems Work: Working Paper No.2, 2005.WHO/EIP/<strong>health</strong>systems/200.5.2. Geneva: World Health Organization.40.Man<strong>and</strong>har DS et al. Effect of a participa<strong>to</strong>ry intervention with women’sgroups on birth outcomes in Nepal: cluster-r<strong>and</strong>omised controlled trial. TheLancet, 2004, 364:970-979.41.Mbonye AK, Bygbjerg I, Magnussen P. Intermittent preventive treatment ofmalaria in pregnancy: Evaluation of a new delivery approach <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> policyimplications for malaria control in Ug<strong>and</strong>a. Health Policy, 2007,81(2-3):228-241.42.Aday LA, Andersen R. Equity of access <strong>to</strong> medical care: a conceptual <strong>and</strong>empirical overview. Medical Care, 1981, 19:4-2743.Lieu T, Newacheck P, McManus M. Race, ethnicity <strong>and</strong> access <strong>to</strong>ambula<strong>to</strong>ry care among US adolescents. American Journal of PublicHealth, 1993, 83:960-965.44.Waters H. Measuring equity in access <strong>to</strong> <strong>health</strong> care. Social Science <strong>and</strong>Medicine, 2000, 51:599-612.45.Gwatkin D, Wagstaff A, Yazbeck A eds. Reaching <strong>the</strong> Poor with Health,Nutrition <strong>and</strong> Population Services, 2005, World Bank, Washing<strong>to</strong>n DC.46.Consortium for Research on Equitable Health Systems (CREHS). ExchangeNewsletter, No 2, July 2007. Available at: www.lshtm.ac.uk47.Gilson L et al. Knowledge Network on Health Systems. Final Report <strong>to</strong>WHO Commission on <strong>the</strong> Social Determinants of Health, 2007.Johannesburg: CHP, Equinet & LSHTM032 ✜ Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4
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