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Access to health020 Strengthening health systems towards better health outcomesChen Zhu024 Recent trends in research on health equityDavidson R Gwatkin028 Understanding health service access: concepts and experienceLucy Gilson and Helen Schneider034 Combining health and social protection measures to reach the ultra poor:experiences of BRAC Syed Masud Ahmed040 Mandatory clinical trial registration: rebuilding public trust in medical researchTrudo Lemmens and Ron A Bouchard047 Open access to research protocols and results: intellectual property and the rightto health Rodrigo A Salinas050 A social determinants approach to health equitySharon Friel, Ruth Bell, Tanja AJ Houweling and Sebastian Taylor054 Making human rights work for the public’s health: equity and accessLeslie London059 Inequality, marginalization and poor healthLenore Manderson062 Discrimination as a barrier to accessing mental health careGraham Thornicroft067 The diverse pathways from globalization to healthMaud MTE Huynen, Pim Martens and Henk BM HilderinkGlobal Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4 ✜ 019
Access to healthStrengthening healthsystems towards betterhealth outcomesArticle by Chen ZhuThis annual conference of the Global Forum for HealthResearch is an important event for China and for healthimprovement across the world. I wish to extend, onbehalf of the Ministry of Health of China, warmcongratulations on the successful convocation of the Forum.I also wish to take this opportunity to share with you some ofmy ideas and experiences about the development of thehealth sector and the promotion of human health.A brief overviewImproving health is one of mankind’s eternal pursuits. Toprovide each citizen with equitable, accessible, reliable andhigh-quality health care is an important responsibility of everygovernment and an important condition for promoting healthfor all. It is also an important indication of a country’seconomic and social development and level of modernization.Since the beginning of the 20th century, life expectancy hasincreased greatly and quality of life has improved. Thanks toinnovations in medical science and technology, mankind hasnot only eliminated smallpox but also acquired the technicalmeans to prevent and control many other diseases. TheHuman Genome Project that began in the late 20th centuryhas enabled mankind to know more about life itself. All thishas created favourable conditions for improvements inhuman health outcomes.Having said that, mankind still faces serious challengesand harsh realities on the road towards better healthoutcomes. Health improvement is not yet at the top of thepolitical agendas of countries across the world.Preoccupation with economic growth has resulted in healthlosses and increasing burdens of disease. Inequity inhealth has emerged as a major problem. There are big gapsacross different regions, countries and groups of peoplein terms of health resources and health conditions.The environment, climate change, urbanization,industrialization and trade globalization pose new problemsfor health systems in all countries. Population ageing andrising service costs have exerted greater pressure on healthfinancing systems. There is no room for complacency whenit comes to the control of communicable diseases, and theburden of chronic, non communicable diseases isincreasing. The achievements of medical science andtechnology have failed to benefit each and every memberof society in a fair and timely manner.Like many developing countries, China has gainedunique experiences in developing its health sector. Chinahas also experienced twists and turns along this path.Under the planned economy, China carried out large-scalepatriotic health campaigns organized by the government.As a result, people’s living and working conditions improvedmarkedly. By stressing prevention services and appropriatetechnologies in health, China made significant contributionsto the development of the concept of primary health careand to international health. China created a health systemsuited to its own national situation and put in place a healthservice network covering both rural and urban areas. It setup a sustainable health financing system with the supportof fiscal and collective economic forces. Each of theseimportant measures helped substantially improve health ofthe Chinese people. In the three decades from the 1950s tothe 1980s, the life expectancy of the Chinese peopleincreased by over 20 years. In those 30 years, Chinaenjoyed a faster rate of health improvement and richerlabour resources than any other country in the world.Since China adopted a policy of reform and opening-up tothe outside world in the late 1970s, its overall nationalstrength has increased and remarkable achievements havebeen made in economic and social development. From 1978to 2006, China’s Gross Domestic Product grew at an averagerate of 9.7% annually, much higher than the world averageof 3.3%. China’s economic growth has been a kind ofmiracle. The fiscal revenues have increased dramatically,reaching nearly 4 trillion Renminbi (RMB) in 2006 (over 500billion US dollars). The per capita disposable income of thosein urban areas and the net income of rural residents havegrown at an average annual rate of 7% since 1978. Alongwith rapid economic growth, China’s health sector has alsoundergone rapid development. The health care networkcovering both rural and urban areas has further developedand channels for funding have further expanded. The qualityof health services has improved, the number of healthworkers has increased, and the educational level of healthworkers has improved. China is now facing rare historicalopportunities for further developing its health sector.020 ✜ Global Forum Update on Research for Health Volume 4
Page 3 and 4: Editorial Advisory Board:Luis Gabri
Page 5 and 6: Contents096 Child immunization: acc
Page 7 and 8: IntroductionResearch contributions
Page 9 and 10: IntroductionType IType IIType IIIPr
Page 11: Introductionmaking), takes account
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Page 18 and 19: Access to healthimperative for acti
Page 20 and 21: Access to healthReferences1.Further
Page 22 and 23: Access to healthDeterminantsAvailab
Page 24 and 25: Access to healthThe authors are inv
Page 26 and 27: Access to healthCombining health an
Page 28 and 29: Access to health100%Availability of
Page 30 and 31: Access to healthhypothesis that an
Page 32 and 33: Access to healthMandatory clinical
Page 34 and 35: Access to healthWhile there are som
Page 36 and 37: Access to healthItemDefinition/Expl
Page 38 and 39: Access to healthReferences continue
Page 40 and 41: Access to healthintegrating individ
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Page 46 and 47: Access to healthMaking human rights
Page 48 and 49: Access to healthResources outsideth
Page 50 and 51: Access to healthReferences1.McCoy D
Page 52 and 53: Access to healthand financial burde
Page 54 and 55: Access to healthDiscrimination as a
Page 56 and 57: Access to health“Two months ago I
Page 58 and 59: Access to healthReferences continue
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Access to healthIntergovernmental P
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Access to healthand conference stat
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Access to healthReferences continue
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InnovationTowards the development o
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InnovationMajor classificationMajor
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Innovation60% of enterprises5040302
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InnovationUsing the power ofintelle
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Innovationbe adapted - and harnesse
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InnovationFinancing of vaccine R&D-
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InnovationFinancing Ultimate Interm
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Innovationsome of this risk might b
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InnovationChild immunization:accele
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Innovationare revealing previously
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InnovationDeveloping countries % De
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Innovationcapacities. It is indeed
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InnovationSome plausible causes of
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Innovationwhere he was a programme
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Research resourcesResearch impact o
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Research resourcesBiotechnologists6
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Research resources1,61001,41,219080
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Research resourcesReferences1.The R
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Research resources✜ A group of nu
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Research resourcesReferences1.Inter
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Research resourcesThe threat of pan
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Research resourcesChanging environm
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Research resourcesPartnerships offe
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Research resourcesWe encourage othe
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Research resources181614No. of PPPs
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Research resources12010080604020Pro
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Research resourcesCapacity strength
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Research resourcestreatment is prov
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Research resourcesSmall scale busin
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Research resourcesthis process in a
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Research resourcesways. For instanc
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Decision-making148 Delivering evide
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Decision-makingChallenges in employ
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Decision-makingUsing evidence forpo
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Decision-makingdesire to publish. T
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Decision-makingsystems development.
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Decision-makingTowards evidence-inf
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Decision-making✜ develop a critic
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Decision-makingwas prior to 2001, a
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Decision-makingGlobal and regional
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Decision-makingHigh-incomeChildrenE
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Decision-makingLow- and middle-inco
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Decision-makingLow- and middle-inco
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Decision-makingthan a quarter of th
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Decision-makingThe potentials of in
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Decision-makingGenerally, any resea
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Decision-makingReferences1.Hawes H.
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