Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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Chapter 1: IntroductionOther common issues in the existing Capture Ready literature include:• Type of Plant. Capture definitions and considerations span across all types of capturetechnologies, including post-combustion and oxy-fuel based capture for pulverised coal(PC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plants, and pre-combustion based capturefor Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants. It is commonly understoodthat costs and capture technology selection for being “ready” will be dependent on thetype of plant (i.e., PC, IGCC, or NGCC).• Space. The existing CCS Ready literature indicates that plant developers need to allowfor additional space to accommodate additional capture equipment and expandedconstruction zones.• Design. A common element in most of the literature is the modification of the BAUplant design to accommodate the additional capture facilities in the future. Changes indesign can make future CCS retrofits more efficient as compared to retrofitting a plantbuilt with BAU design.• Economic Assessment. An economic assessment can be performed to ensure that aCapture Ready plant does not have prohibitive initial costs and that the plant could stillbe economically viable when the plant is retrofitted to CCS in the future.• Pre-investment. There is no consensus on the level of pre-investment of equipmentthat is needed for a Capture Ready plant, but most documents note that economicallyattractive pre-investments are limited. The time value of money, associated risks anduncertainties needs to be balanced against potential benefits in determining the level ofpre-investment.1.2 Existing CCS Ready LegislationCCS Ready legislation, while very limited to date, offers insight into interpretations of CCSReady. If defined as an official enactment, promulgation, issuance, decision, or guidance of agovernmental body, existing CCS Ready legislation includes the following:1) European Union Directive 2009/31/EC on geological storage of CO2 (EU Directive); 8and2) United Kingdom’s Department of Energy and Climate Change, Carbon Capture Readiness(CCR): A guidance note for Section 36 Electricity Act 1989 consent applications(November 2009) (UK Guidance). 9EU DirectiveThe EU Directive focuses primarily on geological storage of CO 2 , while also providing someguidance on Capture Ready plants. The first 28 Articles in the Directive focus on geologicalstorage, and Article 33 amends a previous directive 2001/80/EC on requirements for largecombustion plants suggesting that large plants are ready for CCS. The new provisionrequires that operators of all combustion plants with a rated electrical output of 300 MW8 European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. (2009). Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliamentand of the Council of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union, 140.9 U.K. Department of Energy and Climate Change (U.K. DECC). (2009a). Carbon capture readiness (CCR): A guidance notefor Section 36 Electricity Act 1989 consent applications (Publication no. URN 09D/810). London, UK: Author.23 February 2010 10
Chapter 1: Introductionor more, licensed after the effective date of the EU Directive, must assess whether thefollowing conditions are met:1) suitable CO 2 storage sites are available;2) transport facilities are technically and economically feasible; and3) retrofit for CO 2 capture is technically and economically feasible.If the conditions are met, the competent authority shall ensure that suitable space on theinstallation site is set aside for the equipment necessary to capture and compress CO 2 .Note that although the EU Directive does not use the phrase “CCS Ready,” the provisionsare consistent with the CCS Ready concept.UK GuidanceFollowing on the EU Directive, the United Kingdom (UK) developed a guidance documentindicating how aspects of the EU directive will be implemented in England and Wales. Thedocument focuses on new applications for power stations at or over 300 MW in Englandand Wales, wherein the developers have to demonstrate that their plant is carbon captureready in order to be granted consent for construction.Applicants are asked to demonstrate that there are no known technical or economicbarriers that would prevent the installation and operation of chosen CCS technologies (“nobarriers” approach). At the same time, applicants are directed to apply for HazardousSubstances Consent if CCS will involve the use of hazardous substances.The Guidance requires developers to consider suitable means of CO 2 transport to a selectedoffshore storage site, in addition to specific planning requirements for retrofitting capture andcompression equipment at the plant site. Specifically, the applicant must demonstrate:• that sufficient space is available on or near the site to accommodate carbon captureequipment in the future;• the technical feasibility of retrofitting the chosen carbon capture technology;• that a suitable area of deep geological storage offshore exists for the storage of capturedCO 2 from the proposed power station;• the technical feasibility of transporting the captured CO 2 to the proposed storage area;and• the likelihood that within the power station's lifetime it will be economically feasible tolink it to a full CCS chain covering retrofitting of capture equipment, transport, andstorage.The UK Guidance defines how all of these points are to be achieved through alist of key criteria and requirements that must be met by applicants. The UKGuidance is detailed and its provisions are well reasoned. The “no barriers” approach of theUK guidance ensures that potential future barriers have been considered and accounted for,thereby minimising the risk of future time delays to the deployment of CCS.23 February 2010 11
Page 1: Defining CCS Ready: AnApproach to A
Page 4 and 5: PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements and CitationsThe c
Page 8: Executive SummaryThe components spe
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Appendix E: ReferencesInternational
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Appendix E: ReferencesNational Coal
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Appendix E: Referencesfrom http://w
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