Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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Acknowledgements and CitationsThe contributing researchers were:• Allan Amey, ICF International, Canada• Rubab Bhangu, ICF International, USA• Joel Bluestein, ICF International, USA• Rodney Boyd, Aurecon, Australia• Caroline Cochran, ICF International, USA• David Gerhardt, ICF International, USA• Elizabeth Gormsen, ICF International,USA• Hal Gunardson, IMC, Canada• Deborah Harris, ICF International, USA• Dermot Lane, IMC, Canada• John Venezia, ICF International, USA• Tom Mikunda, ECN, The Netherlands• Steven Kluiters, ECN, The Netherlands• Ruud van den Brink, ECN, TheNetherland23 February 2010 v
Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryCarbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology provides an option for powergenerators and industries that are reliant on fossil fuels to continue to use these fuels in acarbon-constrained future. For this reason, CCS is expected to play a large role in futureglobal greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation from power plants and other industrial facilities.CCS has not yet been widely deployed on the commercial scale, because there existtechnical, economic, regulatory, and policy barriers to its widespread deployment.Governments and industry have been working to reduce these barriers, but in the meantimenew fossil-fuel power plants and industrial plants continue to be designed and builtworldwide. Long-term operation of these new plants could result in a carbon “lock-in,” asituation in which plants continue to emit large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) ifmitigation through CCS is technically and economically infeasible due to equipment and siteconstraints. Another potential adverse result is the emergence of “stranded assets,” inwhich plants may be closed before the end of their planned period of operation if they areuneconomic to retrofit to CCS.The desire to avoid these risks has led to a concept known as “CCS Ready,” in whichcarbon-emissions-intensive plants prepare for CCS during their design and planning phases.CCS Ready policy can facilitate a smooth transition to CCS. However, there is currently nooperational and internationally standardised definition of a CCS Ready plant. Such adefinition would increase the ability of countries to efficiently develop and implement policyframeworks to deploy CCS Ready plants by providing a thorough, widely recognizedfoundation for CCS Ready plant requirements.This document aims to fill this void by proposing a definition of CCS Ready that could beinternationally recognised. The proposed definition (presented in the Exhibit ES-1) reflectsthe key principles listed below. These principles and the definition are based on an analysisof existing CCS Ready literature and legislation, and informed by CCS Ready stakeholderperceptions gleaned from a series of international CCS Ready roundtables held by theGlobal CCS Institute.Key Principles for CCS Ready• Capture, transport, and storage are best addressed holistically in order to increase thefeasibility of a smooth transition to retrofitting CCS;• A degree of flexibility (in terms of stringency) is advisable to allow jurisdictions to adaptthe definition according to their own regional-specific issues;• The initial cost of building a CCS Ready plant is most easily justified when the cost isoffset by the future cost savings for a CCS retrofit; and• Identifying and addressing early the potential barriers for a future retrofit to the extentpossible is good practice.The definition identifies various CCS Ready requirements for a plant, such that satisfyingthese requirements could deem a plant as being CCS Ready. Some components of thedefinition are specific to only one element of a CCS Ready plant (e.g., pertaining only tocapture, transport, or storage of CO 2 ), whereas other components are common to allelements of CCS Ready.23 February 2010 1
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Page 4 and 5: PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
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Appendix E: ReferencesNational Coal
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Appendix E: Referencesfrom http://w
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