Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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Chapter 4: Storage Ready Plant Definitionstorage are essential to the deployment and acceptance of CCS as a mitigation option. Thisrequires that the risks (listed below) relating to storage through all the stages of siteprogression are either avoided or reduced.Exhibit 4-7: Potential Physical Risks of CO 2 Storage Sites• Harm to human health• Harm to ecosystem (plants and animals)• Contamination of underground drinking water• Damage to hydrocarbon resources• Damage to personal property (e.g. existing wells)• Ground heave or induced seismicitySources: IPCC Special Report on CCS, 111 WRI CCS Guidelines, 112 Wilson, E.J. et al. (2003). 113To manage these risks, regulatory frameworks for CO 2 storage sites are beginning toemerge in areas where pilot and commercial projects are underway, such as Australia, theUS, and the Europe. These early regulations often cover siting, construction, operation,monitoring, mitigation, and closure of sites. In Australia, three basic levels of permits existfor geological storage, an Assessment (Exploration) Permit, a Holding (Retention Lease), andan Injection Licence. Permits also exist to allow an operator to undertake activities outsidetheir permit area, such as to monitor beyond their area of permit operation.In the US, CO 2 injection for storage is regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. USEPA’s Underground Injection Control Program regulates the construction, operation,permitting, and closure of injection wells, and enforcement is undertaken either by EPA orUS states. The EU Directive notes that its member states shall retain the right to grantstorage permits, so long as the site selection and permitting follow the directive’s guidelines.The criteria for each member state will vary based on each state’s environmentalregulations, but the directive requires that the storage permits contain at least the following:proof of the operator’s competence; characterization and security of the proposed storagesite; the total quantity of CO 2 to be injected and stored; sources; transport methods;composition of CO 2 streams; injection rates and locations of injection facilities; measures toprevent irregularities; a proposed monitoring plan; proposed corrective measures; and aproposed post-closure plan, consistent with the guidelines in the directive.4.4.3 Public Awareness and Engagement ActivitiesAs discussed in Section 2.4.3, public awareness and engagement is very important for CCS,especially for storage, in order to reduce delays and potential cancellation of projects due topublic opposition. Communities near a CO 2 storage site may be concerned about many ofthe potential risks identified in Exhibit 4-7, which include risks to personal health,ecosystems, property, and resources. They may also be concerned about negative impactsto the value of their property. Residents will want to better understand the true nature andmagnitude of these risks, as well as assurances that any risks will be properly mitigated.Some examples of projects that have been cancelled or delayed by public opposition werediscussed earlier in Section 2.4.3. As another example, RWE AG, Germany’s second-largest111 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2005a). IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture andStorage. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.112 World Resources Institute (WRI). (2008). CCS Guidelines: Guidelines for carbon dioxide capture, transport, and storage.Washington, DC: Author.113 Wilson, E.J., Johnson, T.L. & Keith, D.W.. (2003). Regulating the ultimate sink: Managing the risks of geologic CO2sequestration. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 3476-3483. doi: 10.1021/es021038+.23 February 2010 64
Chapter 4: Storage Ready Plant Definitionutility, has recently expressed concerns that public opposition to CO 2 storage in Germanymay force the company to instead build a coal plant with CCS in the Netherlands. 114 Asdiscussed in Section 2.3.4, there are many recommendations for improving awareness andengaging with the public. These issues are also valid for Storage Ready plants.4.4.4 Equipment Sources, Materials, and Services for Future Injectionand Storage OperationsA future CCS retrofit will likely require the CCS Ready plant owner to contract with acompany to construct and/or operate a CO 2 storage site. In order to make sure that suchstorage services are potentially available, project developers can identify service vendors andassess whether they operate in the region or country(ies) where the selected storage islocated. As discussed in Section 2.4.4, identifying these vendors in advance will provide avariety of benefits, including the promotion of acquisition of business procurementagreements, building relationships, promoting knowledge sharing, and minimizing delays inobtaining equipment and services, at the time of retrofit..Exhibit 4-8 below lists the types of equipment for consideration by developers of CO 2storage sites. These types of equipment are generally the same as what would be needed foroil or gas field development.Exhibit 4-8: Key Equipment for Identifying, Constructing,and Operating a CO 2 Storage SiteEquipment TypeInjection and monitoring wellsFacilities and infrastructurePipelinesPumpsCompressorsProcess control equipmentElectrical SubstationMonitoring equipment & servicesMiscellaneous systems andequipmentPurposeInjection wells drilled to inject CO2 into the storage siteSurface facilities and or offshore platforms, jackets or subsea equipment will beneeded for storage sitesOnsite pipelines to transport CO2 from storage site fence line to injection wellsPumps to boost pressure of CO2 for injectionCompressors may be used in addition to pumps for injection of CO2 for EnhancedRecoveryFlow meters and other process instrumentation to measure and control flow rate,temperature, pressure, and composition of CO2 injected into storage siteElectrical transformers and related equipment to supply electricity to pumps andother equipmentSurface and subsurface Monitoring equipment to monitor CO2 plumes and to detectmigration of CO2 injected from the storage sitePotable water wells, domestic wastewater treatment plant; operations andmaintenance buildings; emergency generators, etc. to support site operations.Early consideration of the companies that provide these equipment and services will helpdevelopers determine their options. Options for eventual partnerships and commercialarrangements may include private contracts, aligning with other plant operators to contractwith an oil and gas company to build and operate the storage site, or potentially workingwith a government corporation. Establishing a commercial arrangement with an existingstorage operation may also be an option for storage.114 Comfort, N.. (2010). RWE may build Dutch carbon capture plant amid German opposition.23 February 2010 65
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Defining CCS Ready: AnApproach to A
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PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
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Acknowledgements and CitationsThe c
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Executive SummaryThe components spe
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Executive SummaryExhibit ES-3: Illu
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Chapter 1: IntroductionDevelopers o
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Appendix E: ReferencesInternational
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Appendix E: ReferencesNational Coal
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Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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