Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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Chapter 3: Transport Ready Plant Definition3. Transport Ready Plant DefinitionExtensive CO 2 transportation (mostly pipeline) networks will be required on all continents iflarge numbers of CCS facilities are built over the next several decades. The design andconstruction of these CO 2 transport networks will take many years, and significant lead timewill be needed to plan a CCS Ready transportation infrastructure.3.1 Transport Methods and DesignEnvironmental, safety, and other requirements and factors for CO 2 transport differ bytransport method. Identifying the transport method sets the stage for the othercomponents in demonstrating readiness, and is a requirement consistent with the UK CCRGuidance that calls for applicants to specify which transport options are considered themost suitable for their proposed development.Commercial-scale transportation of CO 2 is expected to occur largely by means of land andmarine pipelines, although road tanker trucks, rail tankers, and marine tankers could be usedas well. CO 2 is typically compressed in transport, usually to a supercritical (liquid-likedensity) state. 57 Transportation of compressed and liquefied gas is a mature technology, andin most cases existing commercial technologies can be adopted to handle CO 2 transport.Underground and underwater pipelines are well established for CO 2 transportation. Landpipelines are the predominant means of CO 2 transport for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).The US and Canada are two early adopters of this technology. For example, in the US, morethan 5,800 km (~3,600 miles) of CO 2 pipelines transport more than 40 million metric tonsof CO 2 per year from natural and anthropogenic sources, largely for the purposes of EOR. 58Minimum composition specifications (including low nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, andmoisture content) are specified for these pipelines to both guard against corrosion and meetEOR requirements. Looser specifications (e.g., for nitrogen) could be tolerated if CO 2transportation feasibility alone rather than EOR requirements were the controlling factor. Itis technically feasible to move a wetter CO 2 through corrosion-resistant line pipe (e.g.,stainless steel or polymer coated), albeit at a much higher cost.Road and rail tankers are perhaps less suitable for commercial CO 2 transportation, excepton a small scale given that they are uneconomical compared to marine tankers and pipelinesfor constant larger volumes. Marine tankers are an established and economical technologyfor transporting gases, including liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and liquefied natural gas(LNG), and could be used to transport CO 2 to storage sites.CO 2 Transport Corridor SelectionOne of the main challenges for CO 2 transportation is a careful consideration of routing toreach suitable geological storage areas. Identifying feasible corridors for pipeline routes,including the potential necessity to traverse waterways, roads, other pipelines, or theshoreline, will reduce barriers and delays at the time of CCS retrofit. If the planned57 The volume of compressed gas can be further reduced by solidification or hydration. Solidification requires a higherenergy input, which would result in higher costs.58 ICF International. (2009). Developing a pipeline infrastructure for CO2 capture and storage: Issues and challenges. Reportprepared for INGAA Foundation.23 February 2010 36
Chapter 3: Transport Ready Plant Definitiontransport method includes shipping, then identified potential routes, feasible ports, andpotential restrictions on navigation will reduce barriers and delays.One of the main challenges for CO 2 pipelines is the careful consideration of routing from aCCS Ready plant to suitable geological storage areas. Topographical considerations whencrossing mountains, deserts, rivers, and streams (uneven seabed and very deep or shallowwater for offshore pipelines) are important, as are the nature and stability of the ground orseabed and accommodation of existing infrastructure (e.g., roads, rail lines, shipping lanes). 59Considerations for shipping include identifying ports where loading and unloading of CO 2onto tankers would be allowed and accommodated.The UK CCR Guidance gives an illustrative example on how a pipeline corridor could bedetermined. Applicants are to identify an initial route for the pipeline within a 1km corridorfor the first 10 km of pipeline from the plant, and identify major pre-existing obstacles. Therationale behind this guideline is to ensure that there is flexibility for the final route, in theevent that subsequent development may interfere with the proposed route. The Guidancethereafter recommends that applicants identify a 10 km corridor to the point(s) on thecoast where the pipeline is expected to go offshore or be transported by ships. 60Design of Transport FacilitiesThe design of the transport facilities/network sets the stage for meeting the otherrequirements for a CO 2 Transport Ready plant (in particular, costs, approvals, types ofpublic awareness and engagement initiatives, and sources for equipment). CO 2 pipelinesoperate in the liquid and supercritical CO 2 phases at ambient temperatures and highpressure. The design of a CO 2 pipeline is similar to that of a natural gas pipeline, except thathigher pressures must be accommodated, often with thicker pipe. The added thicknessrequires more steel in the line pipe, adds transportation costs to move the line pipe to theconstruction site, and adds to the cost of welding the line pipe. 61CO 2 pipelines differ from natural gas pipelines in that they require CO 2 -resistant elastomersaround valves and other fittings, and their construction includes fracture arrestorsapproximately every 300 meters to reduce fracture propagation. 61 In addition, a CO 2pipeline is moving a supercritical fluid (15.2 MPa) that is pumped, as opposed to beingcompressed at booster stations. 61 The mechanical design (e.g., operating, valves, pumps,compressors, seals) and construction of pressurized CO 2 pipelines is well understood andthere are no significant technology challenges. 59Design of liquid gas transport ships is also well understood, and follows the the InternationalGas Carrier Code adopted by the International Maritime Organization. The current fleet ofCO 2 -transporting ships consists of small, semi-refrigerated type tankers used to transportliquefied food-grade CO 2 ; however, the same types of yards that construct LPG and LNG59 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2005a). IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture andStorage. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.60 Paragraph 61, page 23 of U.K. Department of Energy and Climate Change (U.K. DECC). (2009a). Carbon capturereadiness (CCR): A guidance note for Section 36 Electricity Act 1989 consent applications (Publication no. URN 09D/810).London, UK: Author.61 ICF International. (2009). Developing a pipeline infrastructure for CO2 capture and storage: Issues and challenges. Reportprepared for INGAA Foundation.23 February 2010 37
Page 1: Defining CCS Ready: AnApproach to A
Page 4 and 5: PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements and CitationsThe c
Page 8: Executive SummaryThe components spe
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Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1: IntroductionJustificatio
Page 25 and 26: CO2 Transport Ready PlantExhibit 1-
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Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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