Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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Chapter 2: Capture Ready Plant Definitionadditional impacts to air emissions, water effluent, solid waste generation, and water use dueto the installation and operation of capture equipment. 33, 34 These modifications may requirenew permits or modifications to existing ones. In addition, additional approvals on workersafety, emergency planning, or requirements from right-to-know laws may be required,given that retrofit would result in major plant modifications with resulting storage ofpotentially hazardous chemicals. In order to avoid design features that make obtaining thepermits and approvals very difficult and to reduce the potential delays in obtaining theapprovals, it is important to identify the permits and approvals that would be required in thefuture at the time of the retrofit. This would also reduce a project developer’s financial riskin investing in technologies that may not ultimately be approved and increase the likelihoodof eventual CCS retrofit at the Capture Ready plant.Some of the potential new environmental permits or modification of permits include:• Addition of additional exhaust gas cleanup, such as an electronic precipitator and/or fluegas desulphurization system, which could result in lower emissions of some pollutantssuch as SO 2 ;• Control of NO x emissions from the ammonia slip of the selective catalytic reduction andammonia released by amine-based capture systems; 35• Control of air emissions from leaking of solvents;• Water use permits that may need to be modified to ensure sufficient availability; 36• Potential changes to effluent discharge due to CO 2 capture (e.g., potential introductionof monoethanolamine or other solvents); and• Solid waste handling, including wastes associated with the use of amines or othersorbents, 37 and increases in bottom ash, boiler slag, and fly ash due to increased coal use.The existing literature on CCS Ready does not directly call for the identification ofenvironmental, safety or other approvals. However, the EU Directive notes that projectdevelopers would need to comply with existing EU directives on environment and safety.The UK Guidance requires developers to comply with existing UK laws, such as thePlanning (Hazardous Substances Act) of 1990 and the Planning (Hazardous Substances)Regulations of 1992, which implement EU Directive 96/82/EC. 38 The Guidance requires an33 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2005b). IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage:Summary for policymakers. A special report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.34 World Resources Institute (WRI). (2008). CCS Guidelines: Guidelines for carbon dioxide capture, transport, and storage.Washington, DC: Author.35 Koornneef, J., Van Keulen, T., Faaij, A. & Turkenburg, W.. (2008). Life Cycle Assessment of a Pulverized Coal PowerPlant with Post-Combustion Capture, Transport and Storage of CO2. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 2, 4,448-467. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2008.06.008.36 Water used by a power plant capturing CO2 may be twice that of a traditional plant, due largely to increased coolingneeds. See, for example, U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S. DOE-NETL). (2008d).Estimating freshwater needs to meet future thermoelectric generation requirements: 2008 update. (DOE/NETL Publicationno. 400/2008/1339).37 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2005a). IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture andStorage. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.38 Council Directive 96/82/EC is also known as the Seveso II Directive, established to prevent major accidents which involvedangerous substances.23 February 2010 30
Chapter 2: Capture Ready Plant Definitionapplicant to apply for a Hazardous Substances Consent (HSC), if the plant is expected to useand dispose of hazardous substances in future capture facilities. 39 Project developers in theUK are encouraged to discuss plans for capture at an early stage with the local planningauthority to determine if an HSC might be needed.2.4.3 Public Awareness and Engagement ActivitiesPublic awareness and engagement activities are an important component of CCS Readyplants because public opposition to CCS has been shown to delay or result in thecancellation of projects (especially since CCS is still is a relatively unknown technology tothe general public), and early engagement with the public will help identify and alleviatepotential public concerns that can be a barrier for retrofit.Getting the buy-in of the general public may be critical for the success of a CCS Ready plant,as well as the eventual CCS retrofit. While nations differ in the degree to which communityacceptance is sought during and after policy development, experience to date indicates thatcommunity acceptance may be very important for CCS, particularly when CO 2 transportand storage activities will be located in pristine or populated areas. In some areas,communities may have a role in approving projects, or have other means of voicingconcerns, such as lawsuits, protests, or media campaigns.Although CCS is still a relatively unknown technology to the general public, 40 initial opinionson CCS matter as these opinions, once formed, are slow to change. 41 Studies have shownthat public acceptance of CCS increases with exposure to more information, and NGOs aretrusted most as conveyers of this information (industry is trusted least). 42A developer that forges alliances with the NGO community, think tanks, or universities mayhave better chance of gaining public support than one that does not. 43 A recent report fromthe US DOE recommends that public outreach be an integral component of CCS projectmanagement, beginning at the initial planning stages and continuing throughout the lifetimeof the project. 44 The IEA has highlighted the need for early public outreach to addresspotential concerns of local communities, and provide information about technologies andplanned projects, risks of CCS, and what is being done to keep communities safe. 4539 Paragraph 75, pg 28 of U.K. Department of Energy and Climate Change (U.K. DECC). (2009a). Carbon capture readiness(CCR): A guidance note for Section 36 Electricity Act 1989 consent applications (Publication no. URN 09D/810). London,UK: Author.40 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2005b). IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage:Summary for policymakers. A special report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.41 Ashworth, P. et al. (2009). An integrated roadmap of communication activities around carbon capture and storage inAustralia and beyond. Energy Procedia, 1, 4749-4756. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.300.42 Shackley, S., Reiner, D., Upham, P., deConinck, H., Sigurthorsson, G., & Anderson, J.. (2009). The acceptability of CO2capture and storage (CCS) in Europe: An assessment of the key determining factors: Part 2. The social acceptability of CCSand the wider impacts and repercussions of its implementation. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 3, 344-356. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2008.09.004.43 Acceptance of CO2 Capture and Storage, Economics, Policy and Technology (ACCSEPT) Project. (2007). The ACCSEPTproject: Summary of the main findings and key recommendations (DNV-BRINO912GSIG2007-2078).44 U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S. DOE-NETL). (2009). Public outreach andeducation for carbon storage projects. (DOE/NETL-2009/1391).45 International Energy Agency (IEA). (2009a). Technology roadmap: Carbon capture and storage. Paris, France: Author.23 February 2010 31
Page 1: Defining CCS Ready: AnApproach to A
Page 4 and 5: PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements and CitationsThe c
Page 8: Executive SummaryThe components spe
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Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1: IntroductionDevelopers o
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Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1: Introductionrelatively n
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1: IntroductionExhibit 1-3:
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1: IntroductionJustificatio
Page 25 and 26: CO2 Transport Ready PlantExhibit 1-
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2: Capture Ready Plant Defi
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Page 47 and 48: 3.3.2 Environmental, Safety, and Ot
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Page 57 and 58: • Site DesignChapter 4: Storage R
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Appendix E: Referencesfrom http://w
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