Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 3: Transport Ready Plant Definitionbe optioned or leased. (See Exhibit 3-2 for ranges of estimated level of work effort.) Rightsof way in the US range in costs from $30,000 to $150,000 per km for natural gas pipelines,according to filings at the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Options torights of way (as opposed to the rights of way themselves) could be obtained at a fraction ofthose costs.The EU Directive 2009/31/EC requires applicants to carry out an assessment of theeconomic feasibility of both retrofitting and transport, including taking into account theanticipated costs of CO 2 allowances in the European Community. 68The specific time and level of effort required to meet Transport Ready requirements is verydependent upon the nature, length, and route of the pipeline or pipeline network;environmental, land-owner, and other community matters along the route that the pipelineis to traverse; and the potential for extended hearings in response to stakeholder concerns.The geography and geology of the right of way can also influence the time taken to secureapprovals and to construct the pipeline (although this is likely to be similar to siting ofnatural gas pipelines). Exhibit 3-2 provides an estimate of the required level of effort forTransport Ready activities.Exhibit 3-2: Estimated Level of Effort for Transport Ready ActivitiesTransport Ready ActivitiesEstimated Range of WorkYears to Complete Activity aTransport Corridor Selection 1.00 to 2.00Identifying and Resolving Conflicting Uses and Rights 0.25 to 0.75Design for Transport Facilities 0.50 to 1.00Cost Estimate for Transport Facilities 0.25 to 0.75Environmental, Safety, and Other Approvals for Transportation 0.50 to 1.00Public Awareness and Engagement Related to CO2 Transportation 0.25 to 1.00Sources for Equipment, Materials, and Services for Transport Facilities 0.08 to 0.25Ongoing Obligations (per year) 0.25 to 0.50a Work Years is the total number of individual years of work required for all staff to complete the activity. At labour costs of$130 per hour plus a $400,000 allowance for surveys and research fees, these efforts will total approximately US$ 1 millionto US$2 million in costs. Source: ICF International.In jurisdictions where there are no existing CO 2 pipelines or other transportation systems,the initial pipelines will likely be point-to-point routes. 69 These initial pipelines will likely bemore expensive than the later ones, which may connect to a more cost-effective pipelinenetwork. On the other hand, connecting to network may also add necessary contractualagreements for pipeline access and regulatory approvals that could take additional time andadd more layers of complexity.68 Paragraph 47, Pg. L140/119 of European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. (2009). Directive 2009/31/EC ofthe European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union, 140.69 Paragraph 49, pg. 20 of U.K. Department of Energy and Climate Change (U.K. DECC). (2009a). Carbon capturereadiness (CCR): A guidance note for Section 36 Electricity Act 1989 consent applications (Publication no. URN 09D/810).London, UK: Author.23 February 2010 40
3.3.2 Environmental, Safety, and Other ApprovalsChapter 3: Transport Ready Plant DefinitionWith the range of potential approvals and permits required to construct and operatepipelines, CCS Ready requirements include evaluating future approvals. Considerationshould be given to both international and national laws and standards. Addressing theseapprovals as part of CCS Ready will help to ensure that transport sites will be able obtain allneeded approvals, as well as allocate enough time for the permitting processes.The issue of CO 2 pipeline safety, and the associated approvals, will become increasinglyimportant as CCS Ready regulations and guidelines are developed that will govern thedesign of these networks. Pipelines in proximity to populated areas will likely be subject toincreased scrutiny. The IPCC compared the failure incidence rates for CO 2 pipelines with oiland gas pipelines and found the rates to be similar (see Exhibit 3-3). The causes for CO 2pipeline incidents include equipment failure, corrosion, and outside force. 70 The IPCC foundthat the risks associated with CO 2 pipelines are similar to oil and natural gas pipeline risks,and these risks are well understood and can be successfully managed. 71Exhibit 3-3: Failure Incidence Rates for Oil and Gas PipelinesRegion/systemEuropean gas pipelines, 1972-2002(European Gas Pipeline Incident DataGroup, 2002)Western European oil pipelines, 1997-2002 (CONCAWE, 2002)US onshore gas pipelines, 1986-2002(CONCAWE, 2002)US CO2 pipelines, 1990-2002 (Galeand Davidson, 2002)Failure Frequency(failures per year per km)0.0002(all pipelines)0.00005(>0.5 m diameter)CommentsAll unintentional releases for gas pipelinesystems over 1.5 MPa0.0003 All incidents that resulted in injury, death orproperty loss >US$ 50,0000.00011 All incidents that resulted in injury, death orproperty loss >US$ 50,0000.00032 10 incidences, no injuries or death, totalproperty damage US$ 469,000Source: IPCC, compiled from sources in parentheses.The IPCC, the US Department of Transportation, and NETL have noted that the integrity ofthe pipeline can be compromised due to the presence of contaminants in the CO 2 pipeline,such as water, H 2 S, methane, and oxygen. Water can react with CO 2 or H 2 S to formcarbonic or sulphuric acid, respectively, both of which can corrode and fracture a pipeline.Under certain conditions, hydrates (solid ice-like crystals) can form and plug the pipeline.The presence of oxygen can result in the formation of bacterial colonies, which can interferewith injection.Leaking pipelines can present dangers to human health and safety. CO 2 is an asphyxiant andcan be dangerous above levels of 5,000 ppm, 72 which could occur if leaking CO 2 accumulates70 World Resources Institute (WRI). (2008). CCS Guidelines: Guidelines for carbon dioxide capture, transport, and storage.Washington, DC: Author.71 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2005a). IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture andStorage. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.72 5,000 ppm is the maximum permissible exposure limit in the United States. See U.S. Department of Labor, OccupationalSafety & Health Administration (U.S. DOL-OSHA). (2007). Chemical sampling information: Carbon dioxide.23 February 2010 41
Page 1: Defining CCS Ready: AnApproach to A
Page 4 and 5: PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements and CitationsThe c
Page 8: Executive SummaryThe components spe
Page 12 and 13: Executive SummaryExhibit ES-3: Illu
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1: IntroductionDevelopers o
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1: Introductionor more, lic
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1: Introductionrelatively n
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1: IntroductionExhibit 1-3:
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1: IntroductionJustificatio
Page 25 and 26: CO2 Transport Ready PlantExhibit 1-
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 2: Capture Ready Plant Defi
Page 43 and 44: Chapter 3: Transport Ready Plant De
Page 45: Chapter 3: Transport Ready Plant De
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 4: Storage Ready Plant Defi
Page 57 and 58: • Site DesignChapter 4: Storage R
Page 75 and 76: Appendix A: Summary of Reviewed Exi
Page 83 and 84: Appendix B: Technology Design Optio
Page 97 and 98:
Appendix B: Technology Design Optio
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Appendix C: Policy Considerations a
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix D: AcronymsAppendix D: Acr
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix D: AcronymsNGONO XNSBTFNSP
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix E: ReferencesInternational
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix E: ReferencesIntergovernme
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix E: ReferencesNational Coal
Page 141 and 142:
Appendix E: Referencesfrom http://w
show all

Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?