Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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Chapter 4: Storage Ready Plant Definition4.4.5 Maintaining Storage ReadinessAs mentioned in section 2.4.5, regular assessments of CCS Ready status is important toadapt projects to foreseeable changes such as new technical developments, additional costs,and delays. For a storage site, such periodic assessments can help in identifying andpotentially resolving issues such new regulatory developments, land development changes,additional information about selected sites, and changes in monitoring or injectiontechnologies. Since site characterization and development take significant time (2 – 12 years)and effort, it is important to maintain the ability to deploy CCS as soon as possible whenmandated or when technology permits.In order to maintain the storage readiness status, project developers can consider thefollowing issues:• New regulations that either enhance or decrease the potential for storage in theselected storage sites;• Changes to land ownership, land development, or mineral extraction activities that mayprevent use of the identified potential storage sites;• Assessment of geological characteristics of the selected site changes due to newlyavailable site-specific information, or developments in monitoring and verificationtechnologies or practices; 115• Other CO 2 storage plans or developments in the same region that affect thesequestration potential of the identified reservoir. In some cases, the potential ofpreviously identified alternative sites may have to be assessed;• More viable storage sites are identified;• Storage plans are reassessed based on any changes to capture and transportcomponents (e.g., if a greater amount of CO 2 will be captured than was originallyplanned)• Changes in environmental or safety regulations that interfere with plans to store CO 2 ;• New approvals or permits for maintenance of storage readiness are obtained orrenewed as necessary; and• Public engagement continues and concerns of the community regarding long-term CO 2sequestration are addressed.Section 2.4.5 includes a more detailed discussion on monitoring and recordkeepingregulations, potential requirements to maintain CCS readiness, and submitting periodicreports confirming readiness.115 For example, page 16, paragraph 36 of the UK CCR Guidance notes that the “Government recognises that, as a greateramount of information becomes available on the nature and characteristics of the UK’s storage capacity, operators will as amatter of course review and refine their initial assessments.” See: U.K. Department of Energy and Climate Change (U.K.DECC). (2009a). Carbon capture readiness (CCR): A guidance note for Section 36 Electricity Act 1989 consent applications(Publication no. URN 09D/810). London, UK: Author.23 February 2010 66
Chapter 4: Storage Ready Plant Definition4.5 RecommendationsAs indicated by the above discussion, the amount of work and the length of time requiredfor making plants Storage Ready can be significant, which supports the view that storagereadiness is crucial for a CCS Ready plant. Stakeholders in a jurisdiction may wish to startpreparing for storage as soon as possible in order to ensure that enough well-characterisedstorage sites are available when required.Another challenge to storage readiness is the development of a CO 2 storage industry, whichcan be kick-started by a CCS Ready policy. As such, it is important to increase the generalawareness of the issues related to storage among policy makers, regulators, and projectdevelopers.Size of the ChallengeThere are many good technical and commercial reasons to assume that geological storage ofCO 2 can have rapid uptake at an industrial level, despite the nuances or scale challenges thatare unique to the geological storage industry. One of those scale challenges is the volume ofemissions, which is shown in Exhibit 4-9. This shows that the world’s level of production ofmethane from the oil and gas industry is 5 times less on an annual basis than the world’sannual emissions of CO 2 , and that the ratio of the world’s already produced and discoveredreserves of methane in the oil and gas industry to the world’s annual emissions of CO 2 isless than 13:1. This indicates that if geological storage of CO 2 is to be a significantcomponent of the solution in reduction of CO 2 emissions, then it will have to be an industrythat rivals or is bigger than the current gas industry.Exhibit 4-9: Comparison of CO 2 Emissions andthe Production and Reserves of MethaneNote: LSPS = large stationery point sources, Mt = millions of metric tons and TCF = trillions of cubic feet. Yellow = CO2 andblue = methane production. Source: Bradshaw Geoscience Consultants23 February 2010 67
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Defining CCS Ready: AnApproach to A
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PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
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Executive SummaryThe components spe
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