Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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Chapter 2: Capture Ready Plant DefinitionA number of proposed CCS projects have already encountered local opposition, causing orcontributing to the cancellation of some projects. For example, Vattenfall’s SchwartzePumpe project in Spremburg, Germany, was intended to annually capture and store up toapproximately 100,000 metric tons of CO 2 emissions from a coal-fired plant. Despite afavourable Environmental Impact Assessment, there was concern from local residents thatthe captured CO 2 would escape and harm public health. Due partially to these concerns, aswell as opposition to CCS in general by NGOs, this project was abandoned. 46The $92.8 million Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Project in Greenville, Ohio, USA,was intended to capture and store CO 2 emissions from an ethanol plant. Opposition to theproject by local officials, state representatives, and at least one citizens’ group was based onfears about diminishing property values, that CO 2 injections could trigger seismic activity,and that more research was needed. These concerns, in addition to other businessconsiderations, contributed to the cancellation of this project. 47The Barendrecht CCS Project in The Netherlands intends to capture and store CO 2 from agasification hydrogen plant at a petroleum refinery. Local residents and have expressedconcerns about property values and public safety. The Barendrecht city council hasrequested a halt to the project, although plans are still underway. 48Given these concerns, governments and NGOs are beginning to outline recommendationsfor public engagement for CCS projects. Some of these recommendations include: 49, 50 , 51• Need for policies that require early communication with the public to address concernsby clearly communicating any risks, and raising awareness of positive factors such as jobcreation, stimulus to the local economy, and decreases in local air pollution;• Project developers need to build and maintain relationships with communities, with thisengagement happening at each stage of the project, beginning with the planning stage;• The public should have access to information about the project in local languages; and• Local communities should have the opportunity to raise any concerns, and have thoseconcerns addressed in a timely manner.2.4.4 Equipment Sources, Materials, and Services for Future Retrofit andCapture OperationsEquipment vendors and construction and operation service providers play important rolesin getting CCS-related facilities built and put into operation. By identifying sources for46 Slavin, T., & Alok, J.. (2009). Not under our backyard, say Germans, in blow to CO2 plants; Alok, J.. (2008). World's firstcarbon capture pilot fires up clean-coal advocates.47 Associated Press. (2009). Ohio carbon dioxide underground project abandoned; Recharge. (2009). Midwest groupcancels Ohio CCS project despite DOE Funding; Sutherly, B.. (2009). Greenville carbon dioxide injection plan abandoned.48 Pals, F.. (2009). Barendrechters stand up to Shell’s plan to bury CO2.49 U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S. DOE-NETL). (2009). Public outreach andeducation for carbon storage projects. (DOE/NETL-2009/1391).50 World Resources Institute (WRI). (2009). Guidelines for community engagement regarding carbon dioxide capture andstorage (CCS) projects. August 2009 draft for stakeholder review.51 Bellona Europa. (2009). Guidelines for public consultation and participation in CCS projects. Brussels, Belgium: Author.23 February 2010 32
Chapter 2: Capture Ready Plant Definitionequipment, materials, and services, the technical feasibility of the CCS retrofit can be betterdemonstrated while also minimizing delays in obtaining such equipment and services at thetime of retrofit. It can also help reduce costs, promote the sharing of knowledge, improvecommunication, speed the deployment of technologies, and assist with financial burdens.The results of a survey conducted by Global CCS Institute found that obtaining contractualagreements for CCS can be time consuming. 52 Prior preparations by indentifying sources andeven obtaining non-binding letters of intent or contingency contracts will reduce the risk ofconstruction delays upon the need for eventual CCS, and reduce the risk of plants beingplanned with capture technology but no feasible options for CO 2 transport and storage.The implementation and testing of large-scale CCS will involve a number of participants withexpertise in various areas and stages of technology deployment. The success of a projectwill depend on the selection of knowledgeable, innovative, reliable, and competent partnersto assist with the planning and implementation. Thus, it is important to identify partners thatcan help in choosing the best methodology given a plant’s characteristics, and, once thecapture methodology is chosen, can provide the project developer with the necessaryequipment and materials such as filters, boilers, solvents, membranes and sorbents,gasification reactors, and water-gas-shift reactors. 53Global CCS Institute, US DOE/NETL, 54 and MIT 55 have prepared comprehensive lists ofCO 2 capture projects across the world, by region and capture technology, along with thecontributing partners (such as coal, electric, chemical, and engineering companies, as well asthe government). These lists provide possible vendors and partners for CCS projects. Thevendors and service providers will be different for each country, and perhaps even withindifferent regions of a country.2.4.5 Maintaining Capture ReadinessA thorough assessment of a CCS Ready plant and its eventual retrofit plan cannot bedeemed completed or sufficient by undertaking only a one-time fulfilment of all the aboveelements and their relevant requirements. Regular assessments of a plant’s Capture Readystatus are important to adapt projects to foreseeable changes such as new technicaldevelopments, additional costs, and delays. Since deployment of CCS technology takes timeand effort, it is important to maintain the ability to deploy CCS as soon as possible whenmandated or when technology permits.By being Capture Ready and maintaining this status, barriers to CCS deployment furtheralong the timeframe can be removed. For example, an applicant can ensure that:52 Global CCS Institute. (2009a). Strategic analysis of the global status of carbon capture and storage. Report 1: Status ofcarbon capture and storage projects globally (Final Report). Canberra ACT, Australia: Author.53 Special filters and thermo-resistant materials and equipment, especially for full-scale industrial deployment of carboncapture technologies. Costs of capture, fixed and variable, may be reduced through the use of special membranes andsorbents, with tailored filtering properties, still at the laboratory stage of development. With funding from the US DOE, theNETL has developed ionic liquid membranes that surpass polymers in terms of CO2 selectivity and permeability at elevatedtemperatures for pre-combustion applications. The ability to gain access to this technology implies not only a reduction incost, but also a quicker payback period through an accelerated schedule of CCS deployment.54U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S. DOE-NETL). (2010). Carbon sequestration:NETL carbon capture and storage database.55 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). (2010). Carbon dioxide capture and storage project database.23 February 2010 33
Page 1: Defining CCS Ready: AnApproach to A
Page 4 and 5: PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
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Appendix E: Referencesfrom http://w
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