Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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Chapter 3: Transport Ready Plant Definitionin an enclosed space or a low lying area with little air mixing. However, these conditionsmay be rare. H 2 S is immediately dangerous to life or health at concentrations of only100ppm. 73 In the risk assessment for FutureGen, the US DOE cited exposure to pipelineH 2 S releases as one of the main concerns with respect to the health and safety of workersand residents. 74There are also concerns related to transport by ships and tankers, including collision,foundering, stranding, and fire. Safety risks include asphyxiation in the event of a rupturecoupled with atmospheric conditions that result in little air mixing. 75Regulations and permits vary across the international community. Pipeline construction andoperation will be subject to regulatory approval and oversight, and will often includeapproval of a safety plan, monitoring and inspection procedures, and emergency responseplans. Transport of CO 2 across national borders, offshore pipelines, or ships may be subjectto both international and national environmental and other laws. 75In the US, the Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials SafetyAdministration (PHMSA) has primary authority to regulate interstate CO 2 pipelines, regulatingthe design, construction, operation, maintenance, and emergency response for pipelines. TheOffice of Pipeline Safety, within PHMSA, sets minimum safety standards for pipelinestransporting hazardous liquids, including CO 2 (CFR 49 Part 195). Some US states areauthorized to administer these regulations. The Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration sets standards for handling CO 2 , which apply in the event of a leak or rupture.To date, no country has established specific composition requirements for transport andgeological storage of CO 2 . However, due to concerns about pipeline integrity as well as CO 2end use, transporters of CO 2 may have certain requirements. Exhibit 3-4 shows industrystandards for CO 2 streams being transported by pipeline and injected into the Permian Basinfor enhance oil recovery.73 According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Cited in Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC). (2005a). IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage. New York, NY: CambridgeUniversity Press.74 U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S. DOE-NETL). (2007b). FutureGen project finalenvironmental impact statement (Publication no. DOE/EIS-0394).75 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2005a). IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture andStorage. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.23 February 2010 42
Chapter 3: Transport Ready Plant DefinitionExhibit 3-4: Illustrative Example of Requirementsfor Commercial Transportation of CO 2Type ofLimitLimit(Permian Basin)ConstituentReason for ConcernCO2 Min 95% Minimum miscible pressure for EORNitrogen Max 4% Minimum miscible pressure for EORHydrocarbons Max 5% Minimum miscible pressure for EORWater Max 30 lbs/MMcf CorrosionOxygen Max 10 ppm CorrosionH2S Max 10-200 ppm SafetyGlycol Max 0.3 gal/MMcf OperationsTemperature Max 120 deg F MaterialsSource: INGAA Foundation, 2009As an example of the need to address environmental and safety approvals, the UK CCSReady Regulations recommend applicants:• “confirm that no unavoidable safety obstacles exist within the identified route corridor,on the basis of current knowledge about the hazards posed by CO 2 transport;”• “suggest methods by which the environmental impacts on an unavoidable designated sitewithin the route corridor could be mitigated on the basis of current knowledge at thetime of the feasibility study.”• “inform the local planning authorities in the areas surrounding the power station of thelikelihood that a CO 2 pipeline will be needed in the future to ensure this is taken intoaccount in local planning decisions”• “treat CO 2 as a ‘Dangerous Fluid’ under the Pipeline Safety Regulations (PSR) whenconsidering CO 2 pipeline design and route at the CCR stage. Applicants are advised tocheck with Health and Safety Executive (HSE) for updates to this guidance, applying aprecautionary principle that classifies CO 2 as if it were a “Dangerous Fluid” under thePSR when considering CO 2 pipeline design.”• [in the event CO 2 will be shipped] ...“consider and demonstrate there are no barriers totheir complying with all the relevant safety factors involved in loading a dangerous fluidonto a ship. The Marine and Coastguard Agency are responsible for the safety regulationon ships and their regulations should be consulted. Harbour orders are likely to berequired for the construction of facilities to load CO 2 onboard ships.” 7676 Paragraphs 59 and 60, pg. 22; paragraph 61, page 23; and paragraph 89, pg. 31 of U.K. Department of Energy andClimate Change (U.K. DECC). (2009a). Carbon capture readiness (CCR): A guidance note for Section 36 Electricity Act1989 consent applications (Publication no. URN 09D/810). London, UK: Author.23 February 2010 43
Page 1: Defining CCS Ready: AnApproach to A
Page 4 and 5: PrefacePrefaceThe Global CCS Instit
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements and CitationsThe c
Page 8: Executive SummaryThe components spe
Page 12 and 13: Executive SummaryExhibit ES-3: Illu
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1: IntroductionDevelopers o
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1: Introductionor more, lic
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1: Introductionrelatively n
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1: IntroductionExhibit 1-3:
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1: IntroductionJustificatio
Page 25 and 26: CO2 Transport Ready PlantExhibit 1-
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Page 47: 3.3.2 Environmental, Safety, and Ot
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Page 57 and 58: • Site DesignChapter 4: Storage R
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Appendix E: ReferencesInternational
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Appendix E: ReferencesIntergovernme
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Appendix E: Referencesfrom http://w
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Defining CCS Ready: An Approach to An International Definition

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