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Eye Problems Background The immunosuppression caused by HIV infection increases the incidence of eye infections. However, serious eye problems associated with advanced immunosuppression, such as blindness due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, are less common in patients treated with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Common problems not unique to HIV-infected patients include dry eye, blepharitis, keratitis, and presbyopia. Infectious processes affecting the eye include herpes simplex virus (HSV), herpes zoster virus (HZV), and syphilis. More severely immunocompromised patients (CD4 count
5–18 | Clinical Manual for Management of the HIV-Infected Adult/2006 A: Assessment and Plan Refer to an HIV-experienced ophthalmologist for dilated retinal or slit-lamp examination and definitive diagnosis. If symptoms raise suspicion of serious or vision-threatening conditions such as herpes ophthalmicus, CMV retinitis, or retinal necrosis, ophthalmologic evaluation should occur within 24-72 hours. The differential diagnosis includes the following conditions: Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) The patient may complain of intermittent eye pain, intermittent blurred vision that clears with blinking, and mild eye irritation. The condition worsens with extended reading or computer use. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is related to HIV-mediated inflammation with damage to the lacrimal glands. It occurs in 10-20% of HIVinfected patients, most often in those with advanced HIV disease. In patients with a CD4 count of >400 cells/µL and no other signs or symptoms, confirm that a recent eye examination was normal or refer for same, prescribe artificial tears, and monitor. Blepharitis Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids, a common condition with dry eyes. The patient may complain of discharge and erythema of the eyes or eyelids. Of the bacterial causes, Staphylococcus aureus is the most common. Treatment includes cleaning of the eyelashes with warm water and mild shampoo, and applying antibiotic ointment if indicated. Infectious Keratitis The patient may complain of photophobia, eye pain, decreased vision, and irritation. Infectious keratitis may be caused by VZV, HSV, CMV, bacteria, fungi, or Microsporidia. VZV and HSV are the most common infectious causes of keratitis in HIV-infected patients. Bacterial and fungal causes occur equally in HIVinfected and HIV-uninfected persons. Fungal infections are caused most frequently by Candida species, especially in intravenous drug users. Keratitis may be more severe and may recur more frequently in HIVinfected patients than in HIV-uninfected persons. Evaluation should include slit-lamp examination by an ophthalmologist. Refraction Problems The patient may complain of blurring vision with near or distance vision. Other findings include an abnormal Snellen test or inability to read fine print. The condition may be due to presbyopia or other causes. Refer for ophthalmologic examination. Iridocyclitis/Anterior Uveitis The patient may complain of redness or watering of the eyes, constriction of the pupil, and blurred vision. Anterior-chamber inflammation is fairly common among patients with HIV infection and is often associated with CMV or HSV retinitis. Ocular bacterial infections, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis can cause severe symptoms. Fungal retinitis rarely causes iridocyclitis. Other causes include other systemic conditions (eg, reactive arthritis, sarcoidosis) and drug toxicity (eg, rifabutin, cidofovir, ethambutol). Evaluation should include slit-lamp examination by an ophthalmologist. Treatment should be directed at the causative pathogen or illness. If drug toxicity is suspected, the offending drug should be discontinued or reduced in dosage. Topical steroids may be indicated as an adjunctive measure. CMV IRD may present as posterior uveitis; for suspected IRD, consult an HIV-experienced ophthalmologist. HIV Retinopathy The patient typically has no symptoms, but may complain of blurred vision, visual field defects, floaters, or flashing lights. Cotton wool spots on the retina appear as small fluffy white lesions with indistinct borders and without exudates or hemorrhages. Usually, these findings are benign and do not progress. Refer for ophthalmologic examination to rule out other causes. CMV Retinitis Patients with retinitis caused by CMV infection may be asymptomatic or may experience blurred vision, floaters, scotomata, or central or peripheral vision loss or distortion. Retinal examination shows creamy to yellowish lesions, white granular areas with perivascular exudates, and hemorrhages (“cottage cheese and ketchup”). The abnormalities initially appear in the periphery, but progress if untreated to involve the macula and optic disc. CMV is a common complication of advanced HIV infection in patients with CD4 counts
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Table of Contents Clinical Manual f
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Clinical Manual for Management of t
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Preface—About this Manual | Clini
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Previous Editions Atlanta Contribut
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♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ | Clinical Manu
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1-2 | Clinical Manual for Managemen
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Initial Physical Examination Backgr
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Genitals/Rectum • Inspect the gen
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Initial and Interim Laboratory and
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Section 1—Testing and Assessment
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Patient Education ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ D
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Section 2—Health Maintenance and
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References ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
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Occupational Postexposure Prophylax
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P: Plan Laboratory Testing Provide
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For hepatitis C, no recommended pro
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as hepatitis C or another sexually
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for treatment is appropriate, and b
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contact with the patient. Patients
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tablet daily of trimethoprim-sulfam
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Opportunistic Infection Prophylaxis
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Discontinuing Primary Prophylaxis P
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Latent Tuberculosis Background Late
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INH may cause liver toxicity and it
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Patient Education ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
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Reducing Maternal-Infant HIV Transm
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Some states require written informe
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contraindicated during pregnancy be
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Section 3—Antiretroviral Therapy
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Nelfinavir (Viracept) Adequate drug
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Page 210 and 211: Fever Background Although fever may
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Page 214 and 215: Lymphadenopathy Background Lymphade
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Page 226 and 227: Pulmonary Symptoms Background Short
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Page 240: Maintenance therapy Use caution whe
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Cryptosporidiosis Background Crypto
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Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Background
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Treatment of Gonorrhea Treatment op
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Hepatitis B Infection Background He
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♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Some patients t
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Hepatitis C Infection Background He
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pregnancy. Ribavirin is teratogenic
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Herpes Simplex, Mucocutaneous Backg
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References ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Cent
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Kaposi Sarcoma Background Kaposi sa
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Treatment Treatment of KS is not co
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Molluscum Contagiosum Background Mo
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Mycobacterium avium Complex Backgro
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Table 1. Interactions between Rifab
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Treatme
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P: Plan Diagnostic Evaluation Durin
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Table 1. Regimens for Treatment of
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Rifabutin may be substituted for ri
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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Background Non
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Patient Education ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ S
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Toxoplasmosis Background Toxoplasma
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♦ Atovaquone 1,500 mg orally twic
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Linear Gingival Erythema Background
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Background Necrotizing ulcerating p
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Oral Health Background Examination
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Maxillary Tori; Mandibular Tori S:
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Periodontal Disease Background The
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Oral Hairy Leukoplakia Background O
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Oral Ulceration Background Oral ulc
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Oral Warts Background Oral warts ar
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Anxiety Disorders Background Anxiet
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Patient Education ♦ ♦ Behaviora
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Insomnia Background Insomnia is a c
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Suicidal Ideation Background Transi
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Section 8—Neuropsychiatric Disord
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P: Plan ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ Check t
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Correctional Settings Background Ca
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Adherence Adherence is one of the m
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Karnofsky Performance Scale Backgro
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