42 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, INDICATORS AND MEASURESTable 7Research Outcome: Family access to local, healthy foods in the communityIndicator 1: Farm to school activities increase awareness of local food availability in the community.Measure 1.1: Number of people who received local, healthy food through participation in farm to school programactivities; for example, garden harvest basketsMeasure 1.2: Number of people who receive resources about accessing local, healthy foods in farm to school familyoutreach eventsMeasure 1.3: Number of families that begin gardening at home or in a community garden after participation in farm toschool activitiesMeasure 1.4: Number of coupons given and redeemed by farm to school program for farmers’ markets, farm stands orother access point for local, healthy foodsMeasure 1.5: Self report of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) users who report using SNAP benefits tobuy local, healthy foods, whole foods, edible plants and seeds and/or use at farmers’ markets, food standsor other access pointsMeasure 1.6: The number of farmers’ markets accepting SNAP electronic benefits transfer cards (EBT), Women Infantand Children (WIC) and Senior Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP) vouchers participating in farmto school family activity programsMeasure 1.7: The percentage of direct sales to SNAP EBT clients participating in farm to school family activities atfarmers’ markets, including WIC and SFMNP vouchersMeasure 1.8: The number of local products that are SFMNP and WIC eligible sold by grocery markets in communityparticipating in farm to school community activitiesMeasure 1.9: Number of farm to school sites that provide opportunities for students or families to engage in participatoryresearch, service learning or action-based learning with family-related activities on food accessRecommended program element(s) needed for this outcome: procurement, education and gardeningData Sources: USDA Agricultural Marketing Service data sets on SNAP, EBT, WIC and SFMNP at farmers’ markets (measure1), the Fair Food Network and the Farmer’s Market Coalition and state farmers market <strong>web</strong>sites may have data related toMeasures 1, 5 and 6, What We Eat in America survey, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance SurveyEVALUATION FOR TRANSFORMATION
CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, INDICATORS AND MEASURES43• Measures 1.1–1.4: Program activities and outputsare specifically connected to family engagementand promotion of local, healthy foods.• Measures 1.5–1.9: Program activities ensure thatfamily members have access to local, healthyfoods and are reporting using them.Research Outcome: Increased consumption of localand healthy foodsAn exploration of the variables and strength of therelationship between farm to school activities andstudent dietary behavior is critical. Student eatingpreferences are connected to food exposures,sensory taste experiences, food quality, foodattractiveness, role modeling and peer modeling,among many other factors that farm to school mayinfluence 101–1<strong>08</strong> .An exploration of the variables and strength of therelationship between farm to school activities andstudent dietary behavior is critical. Student eatingpreferences are connected to food exposures,sensory taste experiences, food quality, foodattractiveness, role modeling and peer modeling,among many other factors that farm to school mayinfluence 101–1<strong>08</strong> . Farm to school activities may increasestudent knowledge of agriculture, food, health andnutrition, and life skills needed to select, prepare,serve and consume healthy snacks. It may alsoinfluence social and emotional development, suchas motivation and self-efficacy to prioritize healthyeating behaviors, and attitudes and preferences suchas the ability to grow their own food 1,49,109 . Emergingstudies also indicate that farm to school can increasefruit and vegetable consumption, as mentionedearlier.Broad associations between farm to school activitiesand population-level public health outcomes canbe considered. For example, the Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention’s Youth Risk BehaviorSurveillance System (YRBSS) is conducted in moststates in the US every two years to better understandadolescent health-related behaviors. This data sourceis limited to children in middle and high school.Combined with data sets from the USDA Farm toSchool Census (currently slated to be repeated everytwo years), researchers could determine associationsbetween school districts involved in farm to schoolactivities and student-reported dietary measures,such as fruit and vegetable consumption. With thisapproach for comparing data sets across states,challenges related to sampling methods in each statewill need to be addressed.The School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study(SNDA) conducted every five years examines thefoods and nutrients provided to students throughthe National School Lunch Program and the SchoolBreakfast Program, as well as other issues related toschool food environments, such as school wellnesspolicies, food safety and food availability. The SNDAincludes data from a sample of students in grades1–12 and their parents or caregivers, and could helpresearchers further understand the relationshipbetween farm to school activities and student dietarybehaviors.Additionally, the National Collaborative on ChildhoodObesity Research has an online catalogue of existingsurveillance systems that researchers could use toexplore prioritized outcomes for farm to school.The second research outcome aligns with the publichealth field’s increasing interest in encouragingpeople to eat healthy foods. Local food access can bea method of encouraging healthy eating behaviors.Indicator 1 relates to student changes; indicator 2relates to adult changes.• Measures 2.1–2.4: Focuses on self-reportedinformation used in studies or through plate wastestudies 110,111 where student plates are weighed orphotographed before and after meals as a proxyfor food consumption.• Measure 2.5: This is an extension of the programlevel priority of increasing access to local, healthyfoods among families.• Measure 3.1: Involves parents or care-givers buyinglocal foods. This can be a challenge in some areaswhere local foods are not affordable to somefamilies. Program coordinators should consideralternative measures that are most relevant to theirNATIONAL FARM TO SCHOOL NETWORK
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105ReferencesChapter 11. Joshi, A.,
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10746. Langellotto, G.A., Gupta, A.
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10918. Schneider, L., Chriqui, J.,
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11112. Mary, P.D.S., Karen, M., Kap
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11360. Zarling, P. When farm-to-sch
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115103. Story, M., Neumark-Sztainer
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11736. Eisner, R., Foster, S., Hans
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11910. Fusco, D. Creating relevant
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APPENDICES127Appendix 1Evaluation R
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