80 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, INDICATORS AND MEASURESThe limitations of using these measures are:• Measure 1.1 and 1.2: This involves trackingschool food purchases of items produced usingsustainable practices. These procurement choicesalign with trends in the Greenhealth HealthierHospitals Initiative that has a sample data trackingsheet that could be adapted for school use 51,52 .This data can be difficult to collect, as third-partycertifications are not always clearly labeled andthe different labels may result in varying degreesof environmental quality outcomes in relation toecosystem services. For example, one eco-labelmay focus on social sustainability efforts, such asfair wages or treatment of workers, while anothermay emphasize lower chemical inputs, such asfertilizers or pesticides. Measure 1.2 has beenincluded because many producers, processors ordistributors may engage in sustainable practicessuch as integrated pest management, waterconservation or reduced packaging that aredifficult to measure and won’t be captured in athird-party label.• Measures 2.2–2.5: Food waste has its own impacton the environment 53–55 . Solid waste as an indicatoris volatile and subject to shifts based on wastefrom school activities not connected to farm toschool, changes in seasonal foods, consistentprogramming emphasizing reducing waste, tastetests to develop foods acceptable to student tastesand other factors. Schools may find collaboratingwith innovators, such as city recycling programsoutside of schools, helpful for finding alternativeuses for food waste. This is an area where moreresearch is needed, such as plate waste studies,monitoring of solid waste changes over timeacross farm to school sites, and comparisonstudies of schools implementing different farm toschool activities connected to these measures 56 .• Measure 3.1–3.4: There is very limited existingresearch on this indicator, hence there are no toolsrecommended for these measures.<strong>Framework</strong> developers discussed other areas thatneed research in this sector. For instance: Is thereis a reduction in greenhouse gases due to schoolspurchasing local products? Existing research showsreductions are not guaranteed by local procurement.Greenhouse gases released in transportation dependon the method of transport 57 , (ship, train, semi-truck,light duty truck, etc.) distance traveled and fuel used.The literature on the impact of food transportationand distribution is inconclusive, tending to indicatelocal food purchase does not have a significantimpact and needs further examination 58–63 : Generally,if producers are driving small volumes of food in lessefficient light-duty trucks, they will produce moregreenhouse gases than more efficient transportationoptions. For this reason, the framework does notinclude this as a priority indicator, but is mentioned inTable 24 as needing further exploration.Table 24Environmental Quality: Long-Term Outcomes Needing Further ResearchIndicator 1: Dietary food intakeMeasure 1.1: Increase in school food purchases of legumes, alternative protein sources and lean meatsIndicator 2: Environmental impact of local food milesMeasure 2.1: Food miles traveled by different food items (i.e., fruits, vegetables, herbs, meats, grains) compared todistance they otherwise would have traveled if not purchased locallyEVALUATION FOR TRANSFORMATION
CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, INDICATORS AND MEASURES81Table <strong>25</strong>Policy Outcome: Institutional support for local, environmentally sustainable foodsIndicator 1: Institutional procurement policies and programs that encourage purchase of, allocate resources todeveloping, or create infrastructure that encourages the markets for sustainable products that are also local.Measure 1.1: The number of school district procurement policies that set goals or other support for purchase of localproducts that are sustainableMeasure 1.2: Reporting on progress the school district makes on implementing and attaining goals related to local andsustainable product purchasesMeasure 1.3: The number of state or tribal procurement policies with goals or other support for purchase of sustainable,local productsMeasure 1.4: The number of comprehensive plans (in local jurisdictions, agricultural economic development, agritourismor smart growth) that include zoning, resource allocation or other programs to encourage moresustainable food production locallyIndicator 2: Institutional policies and programs support healthy ecosystems related to food production (i.e.,maintaining ecosystem services)Measure 2.1: School districts create joint-use agreements with local communities when communities use schoolgardensMeasure 2.2: State agencies and public universities support sustainable agricultural practices through technicalassistance and researchMeasure 2.3: Number of producers, including socially disadvantaged and small-scale growers trained or assisted toaccess farm to school market and engagement opportunitiesMeasure 2.4: State agricultural agencies and university extension agents develop and implement no-cost or low-costmethods to promote use of sustainable practices (by producers), such as integrated pest management,wetland set-asides and other efforts included in USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation ServicesEnvironmental Quality Incentives ProgramMeasure 2.5: Regulations and incentive programs support resource stewardship for producers, such as setbackrequirements, agricultural uses, agricultural zoning or incentive zoningMeasure 2.6: State agencies and university extension agents provide technical assistance and information about theincentive programs in measure 2.5Measure 2.7: Government positions (i.e., rural planning, agricultural planning) or programs at the state, tribal and locallevels act to maintain the agricultural land base through programs such as transferable development rights,lease or purchase of development rightsMeasure 2.8: The number of comprehensive plans (county or city, agricultural economic development and smartgrowth) that include farmland protection policiesIndicator 3: Risk from chemicals or other hazards used in food production is minimized for farmworkers and laborersMeasure 3.1: Number of institutional policies encouraging safe living and working conditions for farmworkers andlaborersMinimum recommended program element(s) needed for this outcome: procurementSee Appendix 5 for a listing of tools.NATIONAL FARM TO SCHOOL NETWORK
- Page 1 and 2:
CHAPTER #: NAME OF CHAPTERIEvaluati
- Page 3 and 4:
IIITable of ContentsVVI010717252835
- Page 5 and 6:
VForewordDespite the investments ma
- Page 7 and 8:
VIILyn Kathlene®°Megan Kemple®°
- Page 9 and 10:
101IntroductionImage created by att
- Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION3approaches
- Page 13:
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION5Policy-Lev
- Page 16 and 17:
8CHAPTER 02: BACKGROUNDThe Evolutio
- Page 18 and 19:
10CHAPTER 02: BACKGROUNDFigure 1Edu
- Page 20 and 21:
12CHAPTER 02: BACKGROUNDFigure 2Fig
- Page 22 and 23:
14CHAPTER 02: BACKGROUNDFigure 4: T
- Page 25 and 26:
CHAPTER 03: FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT P
- Page 27 and 28:
CHAPTER 03: FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT P
- Page 29 and 30:
CHAPTER 03: FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT P
- Page 31 and 32:
CHAPTER 03: FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT P
- Page 34 and 35:
26 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 36 and 37:
28 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 38 and 39: 30 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 40 and 41: 32 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 42 and 43: 34 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 44 and 45: 36 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 46 and 47: 38 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 48 and 49: 40 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 50 and 51: 42 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 54 and 55: 46 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, INDI
- Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, INDI
- Page 61: CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, INDI
- Page 65 and 66: CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, INDI
- Page 68 and 69: 60 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 70 and 71: 62 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 72 and 73: 64 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 74 and 75: 66 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 76 and 77: 68 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 78 and 79: 70 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 80 and 81: 72 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 82 and 83: 74 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 84 and 85: 76 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 86 and 87: 78 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 90 and 91: 82 CHAPTER 04: PRIORITY OUTCOMES, I
- Page 93 and 94: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 101 and 102: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 103 and 104: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 105 and 106: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 107 and 108: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 109 and 110: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND NEXT STE
- Page 113 and 114: 105ReferencesChapter 11. Joshi, A.,
- Page 115 and 116: 10746. Langellotto, G.A., Gupta, A.
- Page 117 and 118: 10918. Schneider, L., Chriqui, J.,
- Page 119 and 120: 11112. Mary, P.D.S., Karen, M., Kap
- Page 121 and 122: 11360. Zarling, P. When farm-to-sch
- Page 123 and 124: 115103. Story, M., Neumark-Sztainer
- Page 125 and 126: 11736. Eisner, R., Foster, S., Hans
- Page 127 and 128: 11910. Fusco, D. Creating relevant
- Page 129 and 130: 12158. Vermont Law School, Center f
- Page 131 and 132: 12352. Physicians for Social Respon
- Page 133 and 134: 12506Appendices
- Page 135 and 136: APPENDICES127Appendix 1Evaluation R
- Page 137 and 138: APPENDICES129• Evaluation Plannin
- Page 139 and 140:
APPENDICES131Appendix 2Farm to Scho
- Page 141 and 142:
APPENDICES133procurement and a guid
- Page 143 and 144:
APPENDICES135Farm to School Core El
- Page 145 and 146:
APPENDICES137Appendix 3 References1
- Page 147 and 148:
APPENDICES139Appendix 5Sample Evalu
- Page 149 and 150:
APPENDICES141• Healthy Eating, Ac
- Page 151 and 152:
APPENDICES143Appendix 6Ideas for Fu
- Page 153:
APPENDICES145• Amount of acres se