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that they need to move beyond a narrow focus on instrumental outcomes, and broaden<br />

their palette of metrics devoting more resources to capturing informal as well as<br />

formal outcomes, across a spectrum of outcomes, capacity and processes.<br />

8.3. Educating the broader public sector about the benefits of<br />

interdisciplinary <strong>innovation</strong><br />

Our expert witnesses, who are very experienced in working <strong>with</strong> sponsors and<br />

investors from across the academic, commercial, and broader public sector,<br />

questioned the extent to which the broader governmental and NDPB sector have a<br />

well developed understanding of the scope, character and value creating properties of<br />

interdisciplinary <strong>innovation</strong>.<br />

There is therefore an immediate need to use studies like this and others, and the<br />

network of interdisciplinary <strong>innovation</strong> practitioners that this study has helped to<br />

create, to build greater understanding of the value creating potential of<br />

interdisciplinary <strong>innovation</strong>, and the critical success factors required to make it a<br />

success.<br />

NESTA can continue to play an important role here. It is not agnostic about the value<br />

of interdisciplinary <strong>innovation</strong>, as it funded this study and deploys interdisciplinary<br />

methods in some of its projects and delivery mechanism. We ask NESTA and other<br />

key sponsors of interdisciplinary <strong>innovation</strong> to work through the implications of this<br />

study for how they frame and support their own programmes and projects, and work<br />

<strong>with</strong> each other.<br />

8.4. Interdisciplinary <strong>innovation</strong> is a social activity requiring<br />

creative spaces & network resources<br />

In the accounts of our expert witnesses, a recurrent theme is the importance of<br />

interpersonal relations to the emergence of new forms of <strong>knowledge</strong>. All too often an<br />

emphasis on product over process in research policy often fails to account for the<br />

ways in which <strong>knowledge</strong> is generated through interpersonal relations.<br />

One of our expert practitioners suggested (Crossick) that those wishing to support<br />

interdisciplinary <strong>innovation</strong> should avoid the use of conventional <strong>knowledge</strong> transfer<br />

instruments in <strong>innovation</strong> policy and to focus instead on the provision of ‘creative<br />

spaces’ to foster interpersonal interaction.<br />

The more generalized need to provide for explicit capacity building <strong>with</strong>in<br />

interdisciplinary enterprises was consistently identified by our expert witnesses<br />

testimony on their experience of interdisciplinary engagement.<br />

The policy response here could take different forms.<br />

Innovation and Interdisciplinarity 84

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