Making of a German Constitution : a Slow Revolution

54 • The Making of a German Constitution54. Skinner, ‘Medieval Inheritance’, p. 395.55. Julius Kirshner, ‘Civitas Sibi Faciat Civem: Bartolus of Sassoferrato’s Doctrineon the Making of a Citizen’, Speculum, 48/4 (1973), pp. 696, 699–700.56. Charles Homer Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (1927).57. Skinner, ‘Machiavelli’s Discorsi’; and Charles Nauert, Humanism and the Cultureof Renaissance Europe (1995). Nauert argues that the earliest reception ofclassical humanism in transalpine Europe was in Nürnberg.58. Ibid.59. See Heinrich Applet, ‘Frederick Barbarossa und das römische Recht’, Römischehistorische Mitteilungen, 5 (1961/62), pp. 18–34, cited in Berman, Law andRevolution, p. 491.60. Schwerhoff, ‘Die goldene Freiheit’, p. 96.61. Compare Phillippe Dollinger, The German Hansa (1999), pp. 260–2; and Pitz,Bürgereinung.62. Yves Renouard, The Avignon Papacy 1305–1403 (1970), pp. 90–1 and 114.63. Aristotle, Politics, bk. I, 2.3.64. Dollinger, German Hansa, p. 272.65. Robert von Freiburg, ‘Civic Humanism and Republican Citizenship in EarlyModern Germany’, in van Gelderen and Skinner (eds), Republicanism, vol. 1(2002), p. 132.66. Ibid., pp. 131–2.67. Ibid., p. 133.68. Ibid., p. 135.69. Witte, Law and Protestantism, p. 33.70. Ibid., pp. 43–6.71. Ibid., pp. 47–9.72. Freiburg, ‘Civic Humanism and Republican Citizenship’, pp. 136–7.73. Ibid., p. 137.74. Ibid.75. Ibid., pp. 138–40.76. Ibid., p. 139.77. Berman, Law and Revolution, p. 267.78. Witte, Law and Protestantism, p. 23.79. Ibid., p. 54.80. Ibid., pp. 140 and 142.81. Ibid., pp. 142–6.82. Ibid., pp. 154–68.83. Martin van Gelderen, ‘Aristotelians, Monarchomachs and Republicans: Sovereigntyand respublica mixta in Dutch and German Political Thought, 1580–1650’, in van Gelderen and Skinner (eds), Republicanism, vol. 1 (2002), p. 203.84. Ibid.