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ate of incidence of mutations at CpG sites may reflect endogenousmechanisms (e.g., deamination of 5-methylcytosine) rather than exogenouscarcinogens.[Weihrauch M et al; Cancer 88 (5): 1030-1036 (2000)]**PEERREVIEWED**Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is a human carcinogen. However, the exactmechanism of carcinogenesis remains unclear. VCM may be metabolized bycytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) &glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Thus workers with inherited variantmetabolic enzyme activities may have an altered risk of genotoxicity. Thisstudy was designed to investigate which risk factors might affect sisterchromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) workers.Study subjects were 44 male workers from three PVC factories. ... SCEfrequency in peripheral lymphocytes was determined using a standardizedmethod, & CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1 & ALDH2 genotypes were identifiedby the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Analysis revealed that smokingstatus & exposure to VCM were significantly associated with increasedSCE frequency. The presence of ALDH2 1-2/2-2 genotypes was alsosignificantly associated with an elevation of SCE frequency (9.5 vs. 8.1,p < 0.01). However, CYP2E1, GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotypes were notsignificantly associated with SCE frequency. When various genotypes wereconsidered together, combination of CYP2E1 c1c2/c2c2 with ALDH2 1-2/2-2showed an additive effect on SCE frequency. Similar results were alsofound for the combination of smoking with CYP2E1, or smoking with ALDH2.These results suggest that VCM workers with ALDH2 1-2/2-2 genotypes, whoalso smoke, may have increased risk of DNA damage. [Wong RH et al; MutatRes 420 (1-3): 99-107 (1998)]**PEER REVIEWED**SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:... Primary irritant for skin ... . [Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology ofPlastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968.82]**PEER REVIEWED**MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE:Exam by wide field capillary microscopy of the hands of polyvinyl chlorideworkers demonstrated capillary abnormalities in a high percentage ofexposed men. This /non-invasive/ technique may be useful as a massscreening procedure in the early detection of vinyl chloride induceddisease. [Maricq HR et al; JAMA 236: 1368 (1976) as cited in USEPA;Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride p.C-19 (1980) EPA440/5-80-678]**PEER REVIEWED**Prevention /measures/ should be completed by periodic health exams &complementary lab tests aimed at the target organs, in particular theliver & kidneys. [International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia ofOccupational Health and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva,Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998.104.246]**PEER REVIEWED**PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... In relation specifically to cancerhazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that may ensurethe early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may precludethem. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular whenexposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be takenconcerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory./Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. DellaPorta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis(eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems ofSafety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International
Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.23]**PEER REVIEWED**The assessment of vinyl chloride exposure can be accomplished throughmeasurement of thiodiglycolic acid, which has been found to correlate wellwith environmental levels of vinyl chloride. However, other compounds suchas 1,2-dichloroethane also produce thiodiglycolic acid in the urine, andmay confound the assessment of vinyl chloride exposure. Urine ReferenceRanges: Normal - none detected; Exposed - Thiodiglycolic acid levels of0.3 to 4.0 mg/l have been associated with exposure to air levels of vinylchloride of 0.14 to 7.0 ppm. ... Toxic - not established. [Ryan, R.P.,C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor& Francis, washington, D.C. 1997.2279]**PEER REVIEWED**Chest Radiography: This test is widely used for assessing pulmonarydisease. Chest radiographs have been found to be useful for detection ofearly lung cancer in asymptomatic people, especially for detection ofperipheral tumors such as adenocarcinomas. However, even though OSHAmandates this test for exposure to some toxicants such as asbestos, thereare conflicting views on its efficacy in detection of pulmonary disease.[Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes1-3. Taylor & Francis, washington, D.C. 1997.2282]**PEER REVIEWED**Pulmonary Function Tests: The tests that have been found to be practicalfor population monitoring include: Spirometry and expiratory flow-volumecurves; Determination of lung volumes; Diffusing capacity for carbonmonoxide; Single-breath nitrogen washout; Inhalation challenge tests;Serial measurements of peak expiratory flow; Exercise testing. [Ryan,R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3.Taylor & Francis, washington, D.C. 1997.2282]**PEER REVIEWED**Liver Function Tests: The earliest parameter found for assessing vinylchloride associated liver disease is elevation in serum glutamic pyruvictransaminase, followed by elevation in serum GGT, both of which can remainelevated for up to 2 years post-exposure. ... Biochemical tests - Enzymesthat reflect cholestasis: alkaline phosphatase (AP), 5'-nucleotidase(5'-NT) /and/ leucine aminopeptidase (LAP); ... Enzymes that detect directhepatic damage: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) /and/ alanineaminotransferase (ALT). ... Clearance tests - indocyanine green ...antipyrine test ... /and/ serum bile acids. [Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry(eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor &Francis, washington, D.C. 1997.2280]**PEER REVIEWED**POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK:Older individuals, females, newborns, and alcohol consumers may beparticularly sensitive to the effects of vinyl chloride. [USEPA, Office ofDrinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IX-3(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**Those individuals ... with liver, renal, cardiac, or pulmonaryimpairments. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of OccupationalHealth and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: InternationalLabour Office, 1983.2256]**PEER REVIEWED**PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE:The incidence /of hepatic angiosarcoma/ caused by occupational exposure/to vinyl chloride/ is highest in "reactor cleaners". [Haddad, L.M.,Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia,
Page 1: The following information was gener
Page 5 and 6: ... ANOREXIA, ... ALLERGIC DERMATIT
Page 7 and 8: cancer. Many of the workers had bee
Page 9 and 10: personnel records of nine chemical
Page 11 and 12: worker consumed more than a very lo
Page 13 and 14: (1): 37-45 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Page 15 and 16: workers to the vinyl chloride monom
Page 17 and 18: skin cancer could bear some relatio
Page 19: N-5'-alkylpurine (AP) endonucleases
Page 23 and 24: LIFE SUPPORT:oThis overview assumes
Page 25 and 26: exposure circumstance entails expos
Page 27 and 28: for carcinogenicity in human epidem
Page 29 and 30: Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: W
Page 31 and 32: exposure groups did not differ from
Page 33 and 34: in vivo. [Barbin A; IARC 150: 303-1
Page 35 and 36: developed to localize the promutage
Page 37 and 38: WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN
Page 39 and 40: (2): 259 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**Af
Page 41 and 42: y 1 mg/cu m of either /cmpd/ separa
Page 43 and 44: (1980) as cited in USEPA; Health an
Page 45 and 46: (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**ENVIRONMENT
Page 47 and 48: The Koc of vinyl chloride is estima
Page 49 and 50: REVIEWED**SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATI
Page 51 and 52: Fugitive emission sources; (3) Leak
Page 53 and 54: BOILING POINT:-13.3 deg C [Lide, D.
Page 55 and 56: Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Pr
Page 57 and 58: Reactivity: 2. 2= This degree inclu
Page 59 and 60: Vinyl chloride/ decomposes on burni
Page 61 and 62: available./ ... Safety pipettes sho
Page 63 and 64: Analytical procedures ... should be
Page 65 and 66: equipment. [Association of American
Page 67 and 68: done without undue risk. Use water
Page 69 and 70: Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swa
Page 71 and 72:
673-6121; Production site: Geismar,
Page 73 and 74:
91% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE [Kavaler
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halogen-specific detector for the a
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phthalate esters, detectable levels
Page 79 and 80:
USEPA; Drinking water Criteria Docu
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ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:HAZARDOU
Page 83:
Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field
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