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Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARCScientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer, 1979.14]**PEER REVIEWED**OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:OSHA STANDARDS:No employee may be exposed to vinyl chloride at concentrations greaterthan 1 ppm averaged over any 8 hr period and no employee may be exposed tovinyl chloride at concentrations greater than 5 ppm averaged over anyperiod not exceeding 15 min. No employee may be exposed to vinyl chlorideby direct contact with liquid vinyl chloride. [29 CFR 1910.1017(c)(7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES:8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 1 ppm [American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienists. TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for ChemicalSubstances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices.Cincinnati, OH. 2000.71]**PEER REVIEWED**A1: Confirmed human carcinogen. [American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienists. TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for ChemicalSubstances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices.Cincinnati, OH. 2000.71]**PEER REVIEWED**Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels mayexceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during awork day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times theTLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. [American Conferenceof Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs and BEIs. Threshold LimitValues for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological ExposureIndices. Cincinnati, OH. 2000.6]**PEER REVIEWED**NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS:NIOSH considers vinyl chloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) PublicationNo. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,1997.330]**PEER REVIEWED**NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens belimited to the lowest feasible concn. Use 29 CFR 1910.1017. [NIOSH. NIOSHPocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.330]**PEERREVIEWED**IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:NIOSH considers vinyl chloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen.[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) PublicationNo. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,1997.330]**PEER REVIEWED**OTHER OCCUPATIONAL PERMISSIBLE LEVELS:Australia (1973): 25 ppm; Finland (1975), Holland (1973), Poland (1976),Switzerland (1976), and USSR (1977): 10 ppm; Italy (1975): 5 ppm; Japan