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WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN THE RANGE OF 0.14-7.00 PPM. THEEXCRETION OF THIODIGYLCOLIC ACID, MEASURED BY GC-MS ANALYSIS, AMOUNTED TO0.3-4.0 MG/L. [MUELLER G ET AL; INT ARCH OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 41 (3): 199(1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**The first step in biotransformation of ... vinyl chloride ... has beenproposed to involve microsomal oxidation leading to epoxide formationacross the double bond. ... /It has been/ suggested that the resultingoxiranes are highly reactive and therefore can covalently bind to nucleicacids with the eventual end result of mutations and cancer. [Klaassen,C.D., M.O. Amdur, Doull J. (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. TheBasic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,1995.750]**PEER REVIEWED**The metab & pharmacokinetics of vinyl chloride (VC) have beenextensively studied in rodents & humans, but the max velocity (Vmax)& Michaelis constant (K(m)) for the activation of VC by microsomalmonooxygenases in vitro have not yet been determined. ... The epoxidationof VC by rat liver microsomes (adult Sprague-Dawley) at concns from 1 ppmto 10(6) ppm in the gas phase was measured. In the assay, the reactive VCmetabolites chloroethylene oxide & 2-chloroacetaldehyde were trappedwith excess cAMP, yielding, 1,N6-etheno-cAMP (epsilon cAMP) ... . ...Activation of VC by rat liver microsomes followed Michaelis-Mentenkinetics with K(m) = 7.42 +/- 0.37 (+/- SD) microM & Vmax = 4674 +/-46 pmol.mg protein-1.min-1. Inhibitor studies & immunoinhibitionassays showed that VC was activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 down to 1ppm in the air phase. [el Ghissassi F et al; Biochem Pharmacol 55 (9):1445-1452 (1998)]**PEER REVIEWED**ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:FOLLOWING EXPOSURE OF MALE RATS BY INHALATION TO 10 PPM (14)C VINYLCHLORIDE FOR 6 HOURS, URINARY (14)C ACTIVITY AND EXPIRED VINYL CHLORIDECOMPRISED 68 AND 2%, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE RECOVERED RADIOACTIVITY; AFTEREXPOSURE TO 1000 PPM (14)C VINYL CHLORIDE, THE PROPORTION OF RADIOACTIVITYIN THE URINE WAS LOWER AND THAT EXPIRED AS VINYL CHLORIDE HIGHER,REPRESENTING 56 AND 12%, RESPECTIVELY ... . [IARC. Monographs on theEvaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: WorldHealth Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V19 392 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given single oral doses (gavage) of (14)Cvinyl chloride at 0.05, 1.0 or 100 mg/kg, ... routes and rates ofelimination of (14)C activity were followed for 72 hr. ... Of the samplesexamined (liver, skin, plasma, muscle, lung, fat, and carcass), liverretained the greatest percentage of admin radioactivity at all doses.[Watanabe PG et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 36: 339-52 (1976) as cited inUSEPA; Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloridep.IX-3 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**Experiments with volunteers showed that 42% of an inhaled dose of vinylchloride ... was retained in the lung. This value was independent of theconcn of vinyl chloride in the air. Elim of vinyl chloride through thelung was negligible since its concn in expired air decreased immediatelyafter cessation of exposure. [Krajewski J et al; Br J Ind Med 37 (4):373-4 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**ORAL DOSES OF 0.05-1.0 MG/KG IN RATS ... PULMONARY EXCRETION WAS