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exposure groups did not differ from controls. The cumulative tumorincidence in rats exposed for 6 and 10 months was: liver neoplasms(including neoplastic nodules, hepatocellular carcinoma, andhemangiosarcoma) 1 of 72 (controls), 0 of 66 (50 ppm VC), 17 of 68 (250ppm VC), and 23 of 72 (1000 ppm VC); lung tumors (bronchioloalveolar andhemangiosarcoma) 0 of 72 (controls), 0 of 66 (50 ppm VC), 4 of 68 (250 ppmVC), and 11 of 72 (1000 ppm VC); mammary gland tumors (females only;includes fibroadenoma, adenocarcinoma, and carcinoma) 6 of 36 (controls),15 of 36 (50 ppm VC), 10 of 32 (250 ppm VC), and 5 of 36 (1000 ppm VC);malignant lymphoma 0 of 72 (controls), 0 of 66 (50 ppm VC), 1 of 68 (250ppm VC), and 4 of 72 (1000 ppm VC). [Hong CB et al; J Toxicol EnvironHealth 7: 909-24 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**Few data on the responses of freshwater and marine organisms tochloroethene ... reported complete mortality of northern pike (Esoxlucius) after a 10 day exposure at 388 ppm chloroethene. [Brown et al;Chemical Pollutants in Relation to Diseases in Fish 298: 535-46(1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**Recent inhalation studies with albino CD-1 mice and CD rats ... confirmedthe carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride at concentrations as low as 50 ppm... liver angiosarcomas as well as other forms of cancer were found inboth species. [USEPA; Drinking Water Criteria Document for Vinyl Chloridep.iv-5 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**Recent results of the long term carcinogenicity bioassay in which vinylchloride was administered prenatally and postnatally to Sprague-Dawleyrats were presented. The animals were exposed to 2500 parts per millionthrough inhalation over 4 to 7 hours a day, 5 days a week, or through thetransplacental route (by exposure of the parents) and then by inhalation.The parental rats and some offspring were exposed for 104 weeks; theremainder of the offspring were exposed for 15 weeks. Mortality was higherin exposed rats; in rats exposed both transplacentally and by inhalation,mortality was related to the length of exposure. The percentage of ratsbearing benign or malignant tumors was found to be increased in ratsexposed for 15 or 104 wk. Benign mammary tumors, leukemias,pheochromocytomas, and pheochromoblastomas were found at a lower rate inexposed rats, possibly due to the early death of these animals. Vinylchloride monomer produced unexpectedly high numbers of liverangiosarcomas, hepatocarcinomas and brain neuroblastomas in exposed rats.The onset of neuroblastoma was affected by the length of treatment. Theonset of hepatocarcinoma was affected by the age at the start oftreatment. The onset of angiosarcoma was affected by both the treatmentand age. [Maltoni C, Cotti G; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences534: 145-59 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**Long-term feeding studies in male and female rats showed increasedmortality in males at doses = or > 5,0 mg/kg body weight per day and infemales at doses of = or > 1.3 mg/kg body weight per day. At 14.1 mg/kgbody weight per day, blood clotting time was decreased andalpha-fetoprotein levels in blood serum were increased. Skin fibrosis wasobserved at 30 mg/kg body weight per day administration by gavage. [WHO;Environmental Health Criteria 215: Vinyl Chloride p. 138 (1999)]**PEERREVIEWED**Vinyl chloride is also carcinogenic in animals after oral application. Thespectrum of tumors is similar to that observed after inhalation exposure.