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Inc., 1968.83]**PEER REVIEWED**The most important vinyl monomer; 18th highest-volume chemical produced inthe USA (1995). [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed ChemicalDictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997.1169]**PEER REVIEWED**Dichloroethane used for pyrolysis to vinyl chloride must be of puritygreater than 99.5 wt % because cracking process is exceedingly susceptibleto inhibitors. It must also be dry to prevent corrosion. [Kirk-OthmerCondensed Encyc Chem Tech 1985 p.1230]**PEER REVIEWED**FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:Grade: Technical, pure 99.9% [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's CondensedChemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1997. 1169]**PEER REVIEWED**Vinyl chloride monomer is available commercially in cylinders or in bulkand is generally supplied as a liquid under pressure. [IARC. Monographs onthe Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: WorldHealth Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V7 292 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**Liquefied gas, polymer grade [Kuney, J.H. and J.N. Nullican (eds.)Chemcyclopedia. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988.122]**PEERREVIEWED**IMPURITIES:Commercial grade contains 1-2% impurities: water, non-volatile residues,acetaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and methyl chloride.[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health andSafety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office,1983.2256]**PEER REVIEWED**Specifications for a typical commercial product call for maxima in mg/kgby weight of the following impurities: unsaturated hydrocarbons - 10;acetaldehyde - 2; dichloro compounds - 16; water - 15 ; hydrogen chloride- 2; nonvolatiles - 200; iron - 0.4. Phenol at levels of 25-50 mg/kg byweight is used as a stabilizer to prevent polymerization. [IARC.Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research onCancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V7 292 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**The impurities /of vinyl chloride are as follows:/ acetic aldehyde 5 ppm,butane 8 ppm, 1,3-butadiene 10 ppm, chlorophene 10 ppm, diacetylene 4 ppm,vinyl acetylene 10 ppm, propine 3 ppm, methylchloride 100 ppm. [Hiatt HHet al; Origins of Human Cancer Book A: Incidence of Cancer in Humans Vol#4 p.120 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**CONSUMPTION PATTERNS:MONOMER FOR POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) RESINS, 85%; EXPORTS, 13.5%;MISCELLANEOUS (MOSTLY COPOLYMER USE), 1.5% (1982) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**95% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE HOMOPOLYMER AND COPOLYMER RESIN; 4% FORSYNTHESIS OF METHYL CHLOROFORM; 1% FOR MISC APPLICATIONS (1972)[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
91% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE [Kavaler, A.R. (ed.). Chemical MarketingReporter. New York, NY: Schnell Publishing Co., Inc., 198446]**PEERREVIEWED**CHEMICAL PROFILE: Vinyl Chloride. Polyvinyl chloride, 91%; exports, 7%;other, including chlorinated solvents, 2%. [Kavaler AR; Chemical MarketingReporter 235 (22): 46 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**CHEMICAL PROFILE: Vinyl chloride. Demand: 1988: 9.1 billion lb; 1989: 9.2billion lb; 1993 /projected/: 11.0 billion lb. (Includes exports, but notimports, which totaled 227 million lb last year.) [Kavaler AR; ChemicalMarketing Reporter 235 (22): 46 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**Demand: (1996) 13.7 billion pounds; (1997) 14.5 billion pounds; (2001)16.8 billion pounds (projected). [Chemical Marketing Reporter; ChemicalProfile. Vinyl Chloride. February 9, 1998. NY, NY: Schnell Pub Co(1998)]**PEER REVIEWED**Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 98 percent; miscellaneous, includingpolyvinylidene chloride and chlorinated solvents, 2 percent. [ChemExpo;Chemical Profile Database on Vinly Chloride (75-01-4). Feb 9, 1998.Available from the Database Query page athttp://www.chemexpo.com/news/newsframe.cfm?framebody=/news/profile.cfm asof Nov 7, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**U. S. PRODUCTION:(1977) 2.72X10+12 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**(1982) 2.22X10+12 G [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**(1985) 4.30X10+12 G [USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD/SALES 1985 p.268]**PEERREVIEWED**(1986) 8.41X10+9 lb [USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD. PRELIMINARY FEB 1988(SERIES C/P-87-5)]**PEER REVIEWED**(1987) 8.40X10+9 lb [USITC. SYN ORG CHEM-U.S. PROD/SALES 1987p.15-7]**PEER REVIEWED**(1988) 9.05X10+9 lb [United States International Trade Commission.Synthetic Organic Chemicals- United States Production and Sales, 1988.USITC Publication 1989. Washington, DC: United States International TradeCommission, 1989.15-7]**PEER REVIEWED**(1990) 10.63 billion lb [Chem & Engineering News 70 (15): 17(4/13/92)]**PEER REVIEWED**(1991) 11.70 billion lb [Chem & Engineering News 71 (15): 11(4/12/93)]**PEER REVIEWED**(1992) 11.31 billion lb [Chem & Engineering News 72 (15): 13(4/11/94)]**PEER REVIEWED**(1993)13.75 billion lb [Chem & Engineering News 72 (15): 13(4/11/94)]**PEER REVIEWED**(1995) 6,316,000 tons; (1996) 6,487,000 tons [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of
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The following information was gener
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... ANOREXIA, ... ALLERGIC DERMATIT
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cancer. Many of the workers had bee
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personnel records of nine chemical
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worker consumed more than a very lo
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(1): 37-45 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
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workers to the vinyl chloride monom
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skin cancer could bear some relatio
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N-5'-alkylpurine (AP) endonucleases
Page 21 and 22: Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979
Page 23 and 24: LIFE SUPPORT:oThis overview assumes
Page 25 and 26: exposure circumstance entails expos
Page 27 and 28: for carcinogenicity in human epidem
Page 29 and 30: Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: W
Page 31 and 32: exposure groups did not differ from
Page 33 and 34: in vivo. [Barbin A; IARC 150: 303-1
Page 35 and 36: developed to localize the promutage
Page 37 and 38: WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN
Page 39 and 40: (2): 259 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**Af
Page 41 and 42: y 1 mg/cu m of either /cmpd/ separa
Page 43 and 44: (1980) as cited in USEPA; Health an
Page 45 and 46: (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**ENVIRONMENT
Page 47 and 48: The Koc of vinyl chloride is estima
Page 49 and 50: REVIEWED**SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATI
Page 51 and 52: Fugitive emission sources; (3) Leak
Page 53 and 54: BOILING POINT:-13.3 deg C [Lide, D.
Page 55 and 56: Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Pr
Page 57 and 58: Reactivity: 2. 2= This degree inclu
Page 59 and 60: Vinyl chloride/ decomposes on burni
Page 61 and 62: available./ ... Safety pipettes sho
Page 63 and 64: Analytical procedures ... should be
Page 65 and 66: equipment. [Association of American
Page 67 and 68: done without undue risk. Use water
Page 69 and 70: Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swa
Page 71: 673-6121; Production site: Geismar,
Page 75 and 76: halogen-specific detector for the a
Page 77 and 78: phthalate esters, detectable levels
Page 79 and 80: USEPA; Drinking water Criteria Docu
Page 81 and 82: ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:HAZARDOU
Page 83: Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field
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