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A) Airborne vinyl chloride may be narcotic in concentrationsas low as 7 to 10 percent. Twelve percent may bedangerous. Concentrations greater than 10,000 ppm to20,000 ppm may cause significant symptoms.ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT:Basic treatment: .Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watchfor signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations ifnecessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min.Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shockand treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigateeach eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not useemetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml ofwater for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex,and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burnswith sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Carbon tetrachlorideand related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care forHazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline.1994.194-5]**PEER REVIEWED**Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation forairway control in the patient who is unconscious. Positive pressureventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial.Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start anIV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactatedRinger's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluidoverload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotensionwith signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Considervasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watchfor signs of myocardial irritability and fluid overload ... . Treatseizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride toassist eye irrigation ... . /Carbon tetrachloride and related compounds/[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous MaterialsExposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994.195]**PEERREVIEWED**ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:Classification of carcinogenicity: 1) evidence in humans: sufficient; 2)evidence in animals: sufficient; Overall summary evaluation ofcarcinogenic risk to humans is group 1: The chemical is carcinogenic tohumans. /From table/ [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of theCarcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolumework).S7 373 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**A1. A1= Confirmed human carcinogen. (1980) [American Conference ofGovernmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values for ChemicalSubstances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for1994-1995. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1994.35]**PEER REVIEWED**WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: On the basis of sufficient evidence
for carcinogenicity in human epidemiology studies, vinyl chloride isconsidered to best fit the weight-of-evidence characterization Category A,according to current EPA Risk Assessment Guidelines (USEPA, 1986). Agentsclassified into this category are considered known human carcinogens. Thisclassification is supported by positive evidence for carcinogenicity inanimal bioassays including several species and strains, and strongevidence for genotoxicity. Under the Proposed Guidelines for CarcinogenRisk Assessment (USEPA, 1996), it is concluded that vinyl chloride is aknown human carcinogen by the inhalation route of exposure, based on humanepidemiological data, and by analogy the oral route because of positiveanimal bioassay data as well as pharmacokinetic data allowing doseextrapolation across routes. Vinyl chloride is also considered highlylikely to be carcinogenic by the dermal route because it is well absorbedand acts systemically. The weight of evidence for human carcinogenicity isbased on 1) consistent epidemiologic evidence of a causal associationbetween occupational exposure to vinyl chloride via inhalation and thedevelopment of angiosarcoma, an extremely rare tumor; 2) consistentevidence of carcinogenicity in rats, mice, and hamsters by both the oraland inhalation routes; 3) mutagenicity and DNA adduct formation by vinylchloride and its metabolites in numerous in vivo and in vitro testsystems; and 4) efficient vinyl chloride absorption via all routes ofexposure tested, followed by rapid distribution throughout the body. Inlight of the very high percentage of angiosarcoma worldwide that areassociated with vinyl chloride exposure, the evidence for /its/carcinogenicity is considered strong. The International Agency forResearch on Cancer (IARC) has also concluded that sufficient evidence forcarcinogenicity in humans exists and has placed vinyl chloride incarcinogenicity category 1, that is, carcinogenic to humans. Vinylchloride carcinogenicity occurs via a genotoxic pathway and is understoodin some detail. Vinyl chloride is metabolized to a reactive metabolite,probably chloroethylene oxide, which is believed to be the ultimatecarcinogenic metabolite of vinyl chloride. The reactive metabolite thenbinds to DNA, forming DNA adducts that, if not repaired, ultimately leadto mutations and tumor formation. Therefore, a linear extrapolation wasused in the dose-response assessment. Because of uncertainty regardingexposure levels in the occupationally exposed cohorts, recommended potencyestimates are based on animal bioassay data. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA:Sufficient. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. [U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on VinylChloride (75-01-4) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on theSubstance File List as of August 8, 2000]**PEER REVIEWED**NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:... 26 MALE AR/IRE WISTAR RATS ... EXPOSED TO ... 3% VOL/VOL ...COMMERCIAL-GRADE VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER ... (99% PURE) 4 HR/DAY ON 5DAY/WK FOR 12 MO. ... SKIN TUMORS DEVELOPED IN SUBMAXILLARY PAROTID REGION... (14 EPIDERMOID CARCINOMAS, 2 MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMAS, 1 PAPILLOMA)... LUNG TUMORS DEVELOPED IN 7 RATS AND OSTEOCHONDROMAS IN 5. NO TUMORS... IN 25 UNTREATED CONTROLS ... /SKIN TUMORS WERE ZYMBAL GLAND TUMORS ANDLUNG TUMORS WERE METASTASIS FROM THESE/. [IARC. Monographs on theEvaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: WorldHealth Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V19 386 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**GROUPS OF MALE AND FEMALE 11 WEEK OLD SWISS MICE WERE EXPOSED TOCONCENTRATIONS OF 50 TO 10,000 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE IN AIR FOR 4 HOURS/DAYON 5 DAYS/WEEK FOR 30 WEEKS. AT 81 WEEKS, 70% (OF THE 10,000 PPM GROUP)
Page 1: The following information was gener
Page 5 and 6: ... ANOREXIA, ... ALLERGIC DERMATIT
Page 7 and 8: cancer. Many of the workers had bee
Page 9 and 10: personnel records of nine chemical
Page 11 and 12: worker consumed more than a very lo
Page 13 and 14: (1): 37-45 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Page 15 and 16: workers to the vinyl chloride monom
Page 17 and 18: skin cancer could bear some relatio
Page 19 and 20: N-5'-alkylpurine (AP) endonucleases
Page 21 and 22: Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979
Page 23 and 24: LIFE SUPPORT:oThis overview assumes
Page 25: exposure circumstance entails expos
Page 29 and 30: Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: W
Page 31 and 32: exposure groups did not differ from
Page 33 and 34: in vivo. [Barbin A; IARC 150: 303-1
Page 35 and 36: developed to localize the promutage
Page 37 and 38: WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN
Page 39 and 40: (2): 259 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**Af
Page 41 and 42: y 1 mg/cu m of either /cmpd/ separa
Page 43 and 44: (1980) as cited in USEPA; Health an
Page 45 and 46: (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**ENVIRONMENT
Page 47 and 48: The Koc of vinyl chloride is estima
Page 49 and 50: REVIEWED**SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATI
Page 51 and 52: Fugitive emission sources; (3) Leak
Page 53 and 54: BOILING POINT:-13.3 deg C [Lide, D.
Page 55 and 56: Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Pr
Page 57 and 58: Reactivity: 2. 2= This degree inclu
Page 59 and 60: Vinyl chloride/ decomposes on burni
Page 61 and 62: available./ ... Safety pipettes sho
Page 63 and 64: Analytical procedures ... should be
Page 65 and 66: equipment. [Association of American
Page 67 and 68: done without undue risk. Use water
Page 69 and 70: Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swa
Page 71 and 72: 673-6121; Production site: Geismar,
Page 73 and 74: 91% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE [Kavaler
Page 75 and 76: halogen-specific detector for the a
Page 77 and 78:
phthalate esters, detectable levels
Page 79 and 80:
USEPA; Drinking water Criteria Docu
Page 81 and 82:
ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:HAZARDOU
Page 83:
Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field
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