a database of the National Library of M

Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979.23]**PEER REVIEWED**The assessment of vinyl chloride exposure can be accomplished throughmeasurement of thiodiglycolic acid, which has been found to correlate wellwith environmental levels of vinyl chloride. However, other compounds suchas 1,2-dichloroethane also produce thiodiglycolic acid in the urine, andmay confound the assessment of vinyl chloride exposure. Urine ReferenceRanges: Normal - none detected; Exposed - Thiodiglycolic acid levels of0.3 to 4.0 mg/l have been associated with exposure to air levels of vinylchloride of 0.14 to 7.0 ppm. ... Toxic - not established. [Ryan, R.P.,C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor& Francis, washington, D.C. 1997.2279]**PEER REVIEWED**Chest Radiography: This test is widely used for assessing pulmonarydisease. Chest radiographs have been found to be useful for detection ofearly lung cancer in asymptomatic people, especially for detection ofperipheral tumors such as adenocarcinomas. However, even though OSHAmandates this test for exposure to some toxicants such as asbestos, thereare conflicting views on its efficacy in detection of pulmonary disease.[Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes1-3. Taylor & Francis, washington, D.C. 1997.2282]**PEER REVIEWED**Pulmonary Function Tests: The tests that have been found to be practicalfor population monitoring include: Spirometry and expiratory flow-volumecurves; Determination of lung volumes; Diffusing capacity for carbonmonoxide; Single-breath nitrogen washout; Inhalation challenge tests;Serial measurements of peak expiratory flow; Exercise testing. [Ryan,R.P., C.E. Terry (eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3.Taylor & Francis, washington, D.C. 1997.2282]**PEER REVIEWED**Liver Function Tests: The earliest parameter found for assessing vinylchloride associated liver disease is elevation in serum glutamic pyruvictransaminase, followed by elevation in serum GGT, both of which can remainelevated for up to 2 years post-exposure. ... Biochemical tests - Enzymesthat reflect cholestasis: alkaline phosphatase (AP), 5'-nucleotidase(5'-NT) /and/ leucine aminopeptidase (LAP); ... Enzymes that detect directhepatic damage: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) /and/ alanineaminotransferase (ALT). ... Clearance tests - indocyanine green ...antipyrine test ... /and/ serum bile acids. [Ryan, R.P., C.E. Terry(eds.). Toxicology Desk Reference 4th ed. Volumes 1-3. Taylor &Francis, washington, D.C. 1997.2280]**PEER REVIEWED**POPULATIONS AT SPECIAL RISK:Older individuals, females, newborns, and alcohol consumers may beparticularly sensitive to the effects of vinyl chloride. [USEPA, Office ofDrinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IX-3(1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**Those individuals ... with liver, renal, cardiac, or pulmonaryimpairments. [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of OccupationalHealth and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: InternationalLabour Office, 1983.2256]**PEER REVIEWED**PROBABLE ROUTES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE:The incidence /of hepatic angiosarcoma/ caused by occupational exposure/to vinyl chloride/ is highest in "reactor cleaners". [Haddad, L.M.,Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia,