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MONOPHASIC @ THESE DOSES, & URINARY METABOLITES ... /WEREN-ACETYL-S-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)CYSTEINE & THIODIGLYCOLIC ACID/. AT ... 100MG/KG, PULMONARY EXCRETION ... BIPHASIC & A GREATER PERCENTAGE ...EXPIRED AS VINYL CHLORIDE--67%, COMPARED WITH 1 OR 2% @ LOWER DOSE.[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1.Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977.783]**PEER REVIEWED**The metabolic elimination of vinyl chloride in Rhesus monkeys /followinginhalation exposure/ is a dose-dependent, saturable process. ... Below200-300 ppm elimination is first-order. [Buchter A et al; Tox Lett 6: 33-6(1980) as cited in USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document(Draft): Vinyl Chloride p.IV-8 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**It is easily absorbed by the human organism through the respiratory systemfrom where it passes into the blood circuit and from there to the variousorgans and tissues. It is also absorbed through the digestive system as acontaminant of food and beverages, and through the skin. [InternationalLabour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4thedition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International LabourOffice, 1998.104.244]**PEER REVIEWED**Gastrointestinal absorption of vinyl chloride in rats occurs rapidlyfollowing ingestion of aqueous or vegetable oil treatment solutions. ...Quantitatively, absorption of 98.7% from the gut occurred at an oral doseof 450 mg/kg. [Withey JR; J Toxicol Environ Health 1 (3): 381-94(1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**Animal and human studies have shown that vinyl chloride is readily andrapidly absorbed. The primary route of exposure to vinyl chloride isinhalation. However, the net uptake after exposure by inhalation is only30-40% of inspired vinyl chloride. This is due to the fact that vinylchloride is taken up rapidly until it reaches a blood concentration inequilibrium with that based upon inspired concentration and theblood-to-air partition coefficient. Uptake then decreases to an amountsufficient to replace that metabolized. [WHO; Environmental HealthCriteria 215: Vinyl Chloride p. 110 (1999)]**PEER REVIEWED**While uptake by the oral route is near 100% any vinyl chloride notmetabolized during first pass through the liver will be expired. Thus, thenet dose may be less than the uptake, especially at high doses resultingin saturation of metabolizing enzymes. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria215: Vinyl Chloride p. 110 (1999)]**PEER REVIEWED**BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE:THE PATTERN OF PULMONARY ELIMINATION OF 10 AND 1000 PPM VINYL CHLORIDE WASDESCRIBED BY APPARENTLY SIMILAR FIRST-ORDER KINETICS, WITH HALF-LIVES OF20.4 AND 22.4 MINUTES RESPECTIVELY. THE HALF LIVES FOR THE INITIAL PHASEOF EXCRETION OF (14)C RADIOACTIVITY IN URINE WERE 4.6 AND 4.1 HOURS,RESPECTIVELY. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Riskof Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V19 392(1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**MECHANISM OF ACTION:PRECARCINOGEN VINYL CHLORIDE CONVERTED TO ALKYLATING INTERMEDIATERESPONSIBLE FOR INTRODUCTION OF 2-OXYETHYL GROUP ONTO NUCLEOPHILIC SITESIN DNA & PROTEINS OF MICE. [GOTHE ET AL; BIOCHEM BIOPHYS RES COMMUN 76
(2): 259 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**After metabolic activation to CEO by CYP2E1, vinyl chloride exerts variousgenotoxic effects (including gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations)in different organisms, including bacteria, yeasts, mammalian cells inculture, Drosophila, rodents and humans. Among the mutagenic eventsinduced by vinyl chloride, base-pair substitutions appear, so far, to bethe most frequent. Vinyl chloride in the presence of an activation systemhas a transforming activity on mammalian (rodent) cells in culture. [WHO;Environmental Health Criteria 215: Vinyl Chloride p. 187 (1999)]**PEERREVIEWED**The first step in biotransformation of ... vinyl chloride ... has beenproposed to involve microsomal oxidation leading to epoxide formationacross the double bond. ... /It has been/ suggested that the resultingoxiranes are highly reactive and therefore can covalently bind to nucleicacids with the eventual end result of mutations and cancer. [Klaassen,C.D., M.O. Amdur, Doull J. (eds.). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. TheBasic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,1995.750]**PEER REVIEWED**INTERACTIONS:SPRAGUE-DAWLEY MALE RATS RECEIVED EITHER 5% ETHANOL IN DRINKING WATER ORDRINKING WATER ONLY FOR 4 WK PRIOR TO BEGINNING INHALATION OF 600 PPMVINYL CHLORIDE FOR 4 HR/DAY ON 5 DAYS/WK FOR 12 MO. AFTER 60 WEEKS FROMTHE FIRST VINYL CHLORIDE EXPOSURE, LIVER TUMORS WERE FOUND IN 75% OF THEVINYL CHLORIDE-ETHANOL RATS AND IN 38% OF THE VINYL CHLORIDE-ONLY GROUP.[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicalsto Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency forResearch on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V19 388 (1979)]**PEERREVIEWED**Vinyl chloride exerts a protective effect on hepatotoxicity when adminwith vinylidene chloride. [Jaeger RJ; Ann NY Sci 246: 150-1 (1975) ascited in USEPA, Office of Drinking Water; Criteria Document (Draft): VinylChloride p.VI-2 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**The metabolism of vinyl chloride /was inhibited/ by administering a singledose of 320 mg/kg pyrazole one hr prior to inhalation of /vinyl chloride/gas. [Hefner RE Jr et al; Ann NY Acad Sci 246: 135-48 (1975) as cited inUSEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Vinyl Chloride p.C-21 (1980)EPA 440/5-80-078]**PEER REVIEWED**Vinyl chloride and ethylene are acutely hepatotoxic in rats pretreatedwith polychlorinated biphenyl. ... Trichloropropane oxide significantlyincr vinyl chloride toxicity in fasted but not in fed rats. Diethylmaleatesignificantly lowered hepatic glutathione during exposure, but did notincrease hepatotoxicity of either vinyl chloride or ethylene. ... Inpolychlorinated biphenyl-treated rats, hepatic glutathione and hepaticepoxide hydroxylase influence the acute hepatotoxicity of vinyl chloride.[Conolly RB, Jaeger RJ; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50 (3): 523-32(1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**/Combining/ 1 mg/cu m vinyl chloride with 1 mg phenol/cu m antagonized theeffects on the nervous system of rats in a 7 mo continuous inhalationstudy. The mixture did not affect the learning ability which was impairedby 1 mg/cu m of either /cmpd/ separately. Vinyl chloride alone ...
Page 1: The following information was gener
Page 5 and 6: ... ANOREXIA, ... ALLERGIC DERMATIT
Page 7 and 8: cancer. Many of the workers had bee
Page 9 and 10: personnel records of nine chemical
Page 11 and 12: worker consumed more than a very lo
Page 13 and 14: (1): 37-45 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Page 15 and 16: workers to the vinyl chloride monom
Page 17 and 18: skin cancer could bear some relatio
Page 19 and 20: N-5'-alkylpurine (AP) endonucleases
Page 21 and 22: Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979
Page 23 and 24: LIFE SUPPORT:oThis overview assumes
Page 25 and 26: exposure circumstance entails expos
Page 27 and 28: for carcinogenicity in human epidem
Page 29 and 30: Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: W
Page 31 and 32: exposure groups did not differ from
Page 33 and 34: in vivo. [Barbin A; IARC 150: 303-1
Page 35 and 36: developed to localize the promutage
Page 37: WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN
Page 41 and 42: y 1 mg/cu m of either /cmpd/ separa
Page 43 and 44: (1980) as cited in USEPA; Health an
Page 45 and 46: (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**ENVIRONMENT
Page 47 and 48: The Koc of vinyl chloride is estima
Page 49 and 50: REVIEWED**SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATI
Page 51 and 52: Fugitive emission sources; (3) Leak
Page 53 and 54: BOILING POINT:-13.3 deg C [Lide, D.
Page 55 and 56: Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Pr
Page 57 and 58: Reactivity: 2. 2= This degree inclu
Page 59 and 60: Vinyl chloride/ decomposes on burni
Page 61 and 62: available./ ... Safety pipettes sho
Page 63 and 64: Analytical procedures ... should be
Page 65 and 66: equipment. [Association of American
Page 67 and 68: done without undue risk. Use water
Page 69 and 70: Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swa
Page 71 and 72: 673-6121; Production site: Geismar,
Page 73 and 74: 91% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE [Kavaler
Page 75 and 76: halogen-specific detector for the a
Page 77 and 78: phthalate esters, detectable levels
Page 79 and 80: USEPA; Drinking water Criteria Docu
Page 81 and 82: ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:HAZARDOU
Page 83: Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field

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