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emove the compound from the troposphere with a half-life of a few hours.As a result, neither the chlorine in vinyl chloride nor vinyl chlorideitself is likely to diffuse to the stratosphere. Experiments ... indicate... that if reactive radicals are present in natural waters at significantconcn, they may degrade vinyl chloride. Experimental results show thatvinyl chloride will not be significantly degraded by molecular oxygen attemperatures and oxygen concn present in natural waters. [Callahan, M.A.,M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979.49-3]**PEER REVIEWED**Hydrolysis over a pH range of 4.3 to 9.4 does not appear to be animportant pathway for loss of vinyl chloride from water. The hydrolytichalf-life ... has been estimated to be less than 10 years at 25 deg C.Since the volatilization rate ... is much more rapid than the predictedrate of hydrolysis, hydrolysis should not be a significant aquatic fate.[Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-RelatedEnvironmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants. Volume II.EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,December 1979.49-4]**PEER REVIEWED**The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of vinyl chloride withphotochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 6.96X10-12 cucm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(1). This corresponds to an atmospherichalf-life of about 55 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Vinyl chloride may also be degraded in theatmosphere by reaction with ozone, but the rate of this reaction is tooslow to be environmentally important(2). Vinyl chloride is not expected toundergo considerable direct photolysis since this compound does not absorblight appreciably in the environmental UV spectrum(SRC). Vinyl chloridemay undergo indirect photolysis in natural waters when photosensitizerssuch as humic material are available(4). Hydrolysis is not expected to bean important environmental fate process based on hydrolysis half-lives of9.91 years (pH = 7, 25 deg C) and 10.7 years (pH = 7, 10 deg C)(4). [(1)Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Atkinson R, CarterWPL; Chem Rev 84: 437-70 (1984) (3) Mill T; Chemosphere 38: 1379-90 (1999)(4) Rathbun RE; US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1589: 1-151 (1998)]**PEER REVIEWED**ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCONCENTRATION:Some /data indicated/ that vinyl chloride is too readily volatilized toundergo bioaccumulation, except perhaps in the most extreme exposureconditions. Studies on five bacterial, three fungal, and two singleorganism cultures from natural aquatic systems did not showbioaccumulation to be an appreciable process. [Callahan, M.A., M.W.Slimak, N.W. Gabel, et al. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129Priority Pollutants. Volume II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. Washington, D.C.: U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, December 1979.49-6]**PEER REVIEWED**The BCF value of vinyl chloride in golden ide fish was reported as lessthan 10(1). The BCF value of vinyl chloride in green algae was reported as40(2). According to a classification scheme(3), the BCF data suggest thatbioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). [(1) Freitag D et al;Chemosphere 14: 1589-1616 (1985) (2) Rathbun RE; US Geol Surv Prof Pap1589: 1-151 (1998) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14(1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**SOIL ADSORPTION/MOBILITY:
The Koc of vinyl chloride is estimated as 57(SRC), using a watersolubility of 2,700 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2).According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggeststhat vinyl chloride is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). [(1)Riddick JA et al; Organic Solvents: Physical Properties and Methods ofPurification. Tech of Chem. 4th ed. Wiley-Interscience pp. 1325 (1986) (2)Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods.Washington DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-5 (1990) (3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev85: 17-28 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**VOLATILIZATION FROM WATER/SOIL:The Henry's Law constant for vinyl chloride is 0.0278 atm-cu m/mole(1).This Henry's Law constant indicates that vinyl chloride expected tovolatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Lawconstant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep,flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1 hour(SRC).The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 days(SRC). Vinylchloride's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization frommoist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Vinyl chloride is expected tovolatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a vapor pressure of 2,980 mm Hgat 25 deg C(3). The volatilization half-life of vinyl chloride wasestimated as 0.2 days when incorporated into a soil surface 1 cm in depthand 0.5 days when incorporated at a depth of 10 cm(4). [(1) Gossett JM;Environ Sci Technol 21: 202-206 (1987) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook ofChemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp.15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and ThermodynamicProperties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation Washington, DC: Taylor andFrancis (1989) (4) Jury WA et al; J Environ Qual 13: 573-79 (1984)]**PEERREVIEWED**ENVIRONMENTAL WATER CONCENTRATIONS:DRINKING WATER: In the National Organic Monitoring Survey (1976-77) 2samples out of 113 contained detectable levels ( > 0.1 ppb) and theseaveraged 0.14 ppb(1). 31 of 133 US cities using finished surface watercontained vinyl chloride at concns of 0.1 to 9.8 ppb (2). A contaminateddrinking water well located in New York contained 50 ppb vinylchloride(3). Drinking water from PVC pipes contained 1.4 ppb vinylchloride in a recent installation, while a 9 yr old system had 0.03 to0.06 ppb(4). The concentration of vinyl chloride in various brands ofbottled water was 0.6 ppb or less(5). A national screening program for USwater supplies showed that 7 of 142 samples contained vinyl chloride at amax concn of 76 ppb(6). [(1) Drury JS, Hammons AS; Investigations ofSelected Environmental Pollutants 1,2-dichloroethane. p. 63USEPA-560/2-78-006 (1979) (2) Coniglio WA et al; The Occurrence ofVolatile Organics in Drinking Water. USEPA Exposure Assessment Project(1980) (3) Burmaster DE; Environ 24: 6-13, 33-6 (1982) (4) USEPA; AmbientWater Quality Criteria for Vinyl Chloride. USEPA-440/5-80-078 (1980) (5)Fayad NM et al; J Environ Sci Health A32: 1065-83 (1997) (6) Cotruvo JA etal; p. 511-30 in Organic Carcinogens in Drinking Water (1986)]**PEERREVIEWED**GROUNDWATER: Vinyl chloride was detected in 2 of 13 US cities groundwatersupplies at concns of 2.2 to 9.4 ppb(1,2). Vinyl chloride was detected in7% of all wells tested in a 9 state US survey at a max concn of 380ppb(3). Vinyl chloride was identified, not quantified in 4 of 1,060 wellsin New Jersey(4). After train derailment in Manitoba on Mar 10, 1980, in
Page 1: The following information was gener
Page 5 and 6: ... ANOREXIA, ... ALLERGIC DERMATIT
Page 7 and 8: cancer. Many of the workers had bee
Page 9 and 10: personnel records of nine chemical
Page 11 and 12: worker consumed more than a very lo
Page 13 and 14: (1): 37-45 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Page 15 and 16: workers to the vinyl chloride monom
Page 17 and 18: skin cancer could bear some relatio
Page 19 and 20: N-5'-alkylpurine (AP) endonucleases
Page 21 and 22: Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979
Page 23 and 24: LIFE SUPPORT:oThis overview assumes
Page 25 and 26: exposure circumstance entails expos
Page 27 and 28: for carcinogenicity in human epidem
Page 29 and 30: Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: W
Page 31 and 32: exposure groups did not differ from
Page 33 and 34: in vivo. [Barbin A; IARC 150: 303-1
Page 35 and 36: developed to localize the promutage
Page 37 and 38: WORKERS. THE VALUE OBTAINED WERE IN
Page 39 and 40: (2): 259 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**Af
Page 41 and 42: y 1 mg/cu m of either /cmpd/ separa
Page 43 and 44: (1980) as cited in USEPA; Health an
Page 45: (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**ENVIRONMENT
Page 49 and 50: REVIEWED**SEDIMENT/SOIL CONCENTRATI
Page 51 and 52: Fugitive emission sources; (3) Leak
Page 53 and 54: BOILING POINT:-13.3 deg C [Lide, D.
Page 55 and 56: Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Pr
Page 57 and 58: Reactivity: 2. 2= This degree inclu
Page 59 and 60: Vinyl chloride/ decomposes on burni
Page 61 and 62: available./ ... Safety pipettes sho
Page 63 and 64: Analytical procedures ... should be
Page 65 and 66: equipment. [Association of American
Page 67 and 68: done without undue risk. Use water
Page 69 and 70: Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swa
Page 71 and 72: 673-6121; Production site: Geismar,
Page 73 and 74: 91% FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE [Kavaler
Page 75 and 76: halogen-specific detector for the a
Page 77 and 78: phthalate esters, detectable levels
Page 79 and 80: USEPA; Drinking water Criteria Docu
Page 81 and 82: ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:HAZARDOU
Page 83: Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field

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