Why we need European cultural policies: the impact of EU ...

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Maastricht TreatyIt was in this treaty, which was adopted in 1992 and came into force in 1993, that culture wasfirst explicitly addressed – in Article 128.MEDIAThis is a European Union programme which aims to strengthen the competitiveness of the Europeanaudiovisual industry. It is now in its third phase. It supports professional training, development ofproduction companies and helps with distribution and promotion of audiovisual products.PHAREThe PHARE programme was the EU’s first effort to help the post-socialist countries makethe transition to multi-party democracies. It has helped ensure that these countries have theadministrative capacities to meet the rights and obligations of EU membership. It also providessupport for infrastructure projects, ranging from huge transport improvements to supplyingmedical equipment.PiracyPiracy involves the infringement of copyrights by unauthorized reproduction or use ofsomething – it could be computer software, CDs, music on the internet, and so on. It usuallyinvolves large-scale or commercial distribution or sale of illegal copies of works. (See copyright.)Post-socialist countriesThis term is sometimes used to describe post-socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe.Some of them became members of the EU in 2004, while some are either candidate countries orapplying to become members.Structural fundsThe EU has had four structural funds, which it has been using to help improve economic andsocial problems. Culture has benefited from use of structural funds. At the time of writing thesefunds are being reorganized – some are merging.SubsidiaritySubsidiarity is the principle that decisions should always be taken at the lowest possible level orclosest to where they will have their effect, for example in a local area rather than nationally. Seealso footnote 5.Television without frontiersThe Television without frontiers directive created a legal framework which made it possiblefor European-made television programmes to be freely shown throughout the EU. It was passedin 1989 and updated in 1997. It may be updated again to take account of developments indigital broadcasting.114Annex 4 Glossary
Third countriesEU documents sometimes use this term, meaning countries which are outside the EU.Transition countriesEight countries, which were previously part of the Soviet bloc – the Czech Republic, Estonia,Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia – which joined the EU in 2004 are oftenreferred to as transition countries. Their economies have been in transition to becoming marketeconomies and their political systems have become democratic. (NB Cyprus [Greek part] andMalta also joined in 2004.)Annex 4 Glossary115
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Why we need European cultural polic
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Prologue When I decided to research
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If I had the opportunity of startin
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Measures directly referring to cult
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obstacles encountered during the pe
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Part 1Theconceptualframe ofthe stud
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argument referred to identifying ex
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Gray called for comparative researc
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The Council of Europe and comparati
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a broader understanding of culture,
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The first one is a `macro’ dimens
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Part 2European Union,culture andcul
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narrow sense - still remains exclud
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Niedobitek (see page 29) drew atten
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Even though the author thought that
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In spring 2005 two founding members
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I am focussing more on the technica
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while enlargement negotiations were
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ights.56 Since the mid-1990s, the E
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This included information about Cha
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Gradual development and introductio
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of the background presented earlier
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Èventually, a solution was found,
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In regard to other taxes, opinions
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meet the recently introduced regula
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introduces the possibility of makin
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One of the recommendations in the F
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IPR legislation into line with Worl
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Preliminary assessmentof the impact
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Page 66 and 67: Part 3What willthe futurebring?68 P
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Page 73 and 74: Instead of a conclusionThe aim of t
Page 75 and 76: 1 The French term acquis communauta
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Page 79 and 80: 30 OJ C 336, 19/12/1992.31 1st Repo
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Page 87 and 88: culture, which needs to be exempt f
Page 89 and 90: Aubry P, (2000)The `Television with
Page 91 and 92: Draus F, (2001)Èst-Ouest, le dit e
Page 93 and 94: Futo P, Cuculić J, et al (2002)Met
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Page 97 and 98: Puchala D J, (1971)Òf blind men, e
Page 99 and 100: Weidenfeld W, Wessels W, (1997)Euro
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Page 105 and 106: Annex 3List of CPRA jury membersMil
Page 107 and 108: Political Economy Cultural Economic
Page 109 and 110: Annex 4GlossaryAcquis communautaire
Page 111: Cultural marketsA term used to desc
Page 115: Author: Nina ObuljenEditor: Janet H
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