Why we need European cultural policies: the impact of EU ...

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Prologue When I decided to research the role and possible impact ofthe 2004 European enlargement on culture, I tested the idea with several colleagues. Some triedto dissuade me from pursuing this research claiming, in a friendly manner, but with firm conviction,that European Union (EU) enlargement had very little to do with culture. This reflects a commonbelief that, simply because culture does not figure prominently in the acquis communautaire1– the umbrella term which covers all the EU’s current laws and policies – it is only marginallyaffected by the EU enlargement.In some ways this is true. If we think about the impact of EU enlargement as meaning solely thosechanges that have resulted from harmonizing legislation which was explicitly related to the culturalfield (such as audio-visual policy), it would be very difficult to justify this research. However, I havealways understood EU enlargement as a process that goes beyond the technical adjustment ofpolicies and laws in any policy field. This is just the surface.The European Union is a complex sphere of interlinked rules and interests, policies,recommendations and directives. When entering this universe, it is difficult to imagine thatany sector or any segment of life can be ignored. Even if the European Commission has notbeen directly regulating some fields, societies have been going through profound changes andeveryone who lives and works in that environment is being affected. This is particularly evidentin the transition countries – a term which broadly covers the post-socialist nations – which havebeen going through many changes and reforms.In my research I have tried to look at this sphere and to identify some of those policies,developments or events that have had an impact on culture. While trying to assess the currentsituation and developments, I have tried to look at possible future scenarios for EU involvement inthe field of culture. One of my main assumptions was that in the future, the regulation of culturalmarkets will be one of the key, if not the most important, element of cultural policies. I wanted tofind out how Europe has been responding to trends of commodification in all aspects of culturein order to see if the EU’s often publicly declared priority of promoting cultural diversity and ùnityin diversity’ was really accompanied by the most effective policy instruments. Has Europe found away to integrate adequately both cultural and economic aspects of cultural goods and services inits policies?In that context, the study tried to identify those òther’ common, (in other words, shared) EUpolicies that affect cultural policies as well as to assess such influences – can they be consideredas positive or negative? How have new EU member states been responding to change? Are theresome policies that should be adopted at the EU level in order to counterbalance the impact ofcross-cutting measures, such as taxation, for instance, on cultural policies?I have been much encouraged by the global movements for the protection of cultural diversity andthe role of the EU during the negotiations in 2005 on the UNESCO Convention on the protection8Prologue
and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions as well as some other developmentswithin the EU, such as `Stop Bolkenstein’ – the strong opposition to the proposed `BolkensteinDirective’ on liberalization of services in the internal market. This is partly why exploring the impactof EU enlargement on cultural policies in transition countries has turned out to be much more areflection on cultural policy in the European Union.When analyzing existing literature, I found an interesting quote from Maja Breznik, a Slovenianresearcher:European cultural policies foster two goals that produce conflicting effects:through state interventions in the name of `democratization’ they want to broadenaccess to cultural goods, but through liberalization, once again in the name of`democratization’ they destroy the effects of their own measures and impose limitson the access to culture.(Breznik 2004)It is impossible to know which one of these two `democratizations’ is going to prevail. Thisdilemma is particularly pertinent for the post-socialist countries, which have in the past 15 yearsbeen faced with two processes – democratization and globalization – and are still searching forthe most effective strategies to overcome the difficulties of this transition.Some ideas, as well as parts of this study, have been published in my post-graduate thesis,defended at the University of Zagreb 2 and in an article published in the Culturelink Reviewin 2004,3 which was completed during the study period in preparation for the Cultural PolicyResearch Award grant scheme.4Prologue9
Page 1 and 2: Why we need European cultural polic
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Page 8 and 9: If I had the opportunity of startin
Page 10 and 11: Measures directly referring to cult
Page 12 and 13: obstacles encountered during the pe
Page 14 and 15: Part 1Theconceptualframe ofthe stud
Page 16 and 17: argument referred to identifying ex
Page 18 and 19: Gray called for comparative researc
Page 20 and 21: The Council of Europe and comparati
Page 22 and 23: a broader understanding of culture,
Page 24 and 25: The first one is a `macro’ dimens
Page 26 and 27: Part 2European Union,culture andcul
Page 28 and 29: narrow sense - still remains exclud
Page 30 and 31: Niedobitek (see page 29) drew atten
Page 32 and 33: Even though the author thought that
Page 34 and 35: In spring 2005 two founding members
Page 36 and 37: I am focussing more on the technica
Page 38 and 39: while enlargement negotiations were
Page 40 and 41: ights.56 Since the mid-1990s, the E
Page 42 and 43: This included information about Cha
Page 44 and 45: Gradual development and introductio
Page 46 and 47: of the background presented earlier
Page 48 and 49: Èventually, a solution was found,
Page 50 and 51: In regard to other taxes, opinions
Page 52 and 53: meet the recently introduced regula
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One of the recommendations in the F
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IPR legislation into line with Worl
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Preliminary assessmentof the impact
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Changes in taxation policies were n
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policy areas and the ensuing transf
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Part 3What willthe futurebring?68 P
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Manuel Barroso, President of the Eu
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has been embraced by the European m
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Instead of a conclusionThe aim of t
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1 The French term acquis communauta
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14 When deciding on the methodology
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30 OJ C 336, 19/12/1992.31 1st Repo
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45 After the signing and entry into
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65 See Annex 1 for a copy of theque
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81 32001G0731(01) Council Resolutio
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culture, which needs to be exempt f
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Aubry P, (2000)The `Television with
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Draus F, (2001)Èst-Ouest, le dit e
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Futo P, Cuculić J, et al (2002)Met
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Laher L, (2001)Trapped in the notio
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Puchala D J, (1971)Òf blind men, e
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Weidenfeld W, Wessels W, (1997)Euro
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2. In your opinion, have the cultur
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13. Have there been any changes in
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Annex 3List of CPRA jury membersMil
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Political Economy Cultural Economic
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Annex 4GlossaryAcquis communautaire
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Cultural marketsA term used to desc
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Third countriesEU documents sometim
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Author: Nina ObuljenEditor: Janet H
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