Why we need European cultural policies: the impact of EU ...

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have been relocated. Scholarship, as themain system of knowledge, and education,as the main system of transferring knowledgeand social values, are no longer consideredpart of the cultural sector.’Katunarić V, Cvjetic˘ anin B, (1999)22 OJ 1974 C 6223 EC General Report 10/197624 Community action in the cultural sector.Commission Communication to the Councilsent on 22 November 1977.COM (77) 560 final, 2 December 1977.Bulletin of the European Communities,Supplement 6/7725 OJ 1976 C 79 and OJ 1979 C 3926 Adopted by the European Parliament on17 November 1989a period of five years (1990–1995). Whenthis programme ended in July 1995, theCouncil adopted the Media II programme(1996–2000), to which ECU 310 millionwere allocated. Following on from Media II,the Media Plus programme (2001–2005),which was adopted in December 2000,has a budget of c 400 million, split intoc 50 million for training and c 350 millionfor development (creation, distribution,promotion, and pilot projects).In July 2004, the Commission adopted aproposal for a decision on the MEDIA 2007programme, which is intended to follow onfrom MEDIA Plus and MEDIA Training (whichwere extended until 2006). The proposedbudget is more than c 1 billion for the period2007–2013, which is an indication of theUnion’s very strong commitment to the audiovisualsector.Community action will relate to preproduction(for example by supporting initialtraining for trades in the audio-visual sectoror by facilitating access to finance for smalland medium-sized enterprises) and postproduction(support for the distribution andpromotion of audio-visual works).(see www.europa.eu.int)27 OJ L 298, 17 October 1989,p 23: European Council Directive on thecoordination of certain provisions laid downby law, regulation or administrative actionin member states concerning the pursuit oftelevision broadcasting activities (89/552/EEC). This was amended in 1997 byDirective 97/36/EC).28 The first programme – MEDIA I –was adopted by the Council in December1990 and was allocated ECU 200 million for29 Such as, for example, the historicdecision of the European Court of Justice inthe Sacchi case (1974), when a televisionsignal was considered a provision of servicesunder Articles 59 and 60 of the Treatyof Rome, and national barriers to crossfrontierbroadcasting http://www.encatc.org/downloads/RuffoloReport.pdf or theestablishment of broadcasters from onemember state in another are intended to beabolished in most circumstances.80Notes
30 OJ C 336, 19/12/1992.31 1st Report on the consideration ofcultural aspects in European Communityaction, European Commission, 1996.77/388/EEC) on harmonization of the ratesof VAT, which takes into account culturalaspects and enables member states to applyreduced VAT rates to certain goods andservices (books, services such as writing orcomposing).32 See Niedobitek 1997; Ellmeier andRasky 1998; Kaufman and Raunig 2002;Smiers 2002; Crawfurd-Smith 2004;Pauwels 2003.33 Referring to the document of theEuropean Commission A fresh boost forculture in the European Community (Bulletinof the European Communities, Supplement4/87; Luxembourg, 1988), Ellmeier, inEllmeier and Rasky (1998) claimed that thedevelopment of cultural policy of the EU wasbased on a skeleton of cultural policies inparticular member states. Those segmentsthat were of interest for particular memberstates also became of interest for the EU,namely: technological development and itsimpact on culture; structural projects witha clear cultural dimension; cultural tourism;small and medium-size enterprises; copyright,and the trade of cultural goods and services.34 Texts concerning culture at Europeancommunity level EuropeanCouncil, 1994.36 This hypothesis was confirmed justa few years after Niedobitek published hisbook. From 1997 until today, the Commissionhas published several reports analyzing therole and the position of culture in relation withother common policies.37 The Framework Programme Culture2000 is the current programme for crossculturalcooperation in Europe, legallybased on Article 151. It covers as asingle programme of financing annual andmultiannual projects in the areas of heritage,literary and artistic creation. It seeks toencourage creativity and mobility, publicaccess to culture, the dissemination of art andculture, inter-cultural dialogue and knowledgeof the history of the peoples of Europe.Besides Culture 2000, cultural activities andprojects are financed from other EU fundingprogrammes and funds including structuralfunds. Still, when compared with the averagepercentage (1 per cent) earmarked for culturein state budgets, EU funding for culture canbe deemed marginal.(European Parliament,[2000] Culture 2000 programme[Decision no. 508/2000/EC])35 Directive 92/100/EEC from November1992 on lending rights and certain rightsrelated to copyright in the area of intellectualproperty rights, or Directive 92/77/EECfrom 19 October 1992 (amending Directive38 Analysis of the Draft EU constitutiondone by the Budapest Cultural Observatory,(www.budobs.org), shows the frequency ofthe words `culture’, `cultural’ or àrtistic’ inNotes81
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Why we need European cultural polic
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Prologue When I decided to research
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If I had the opportunity of startin
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Measures directly referring to cult
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obstacles encountered during the pe
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Part 1Theconceptualframe ofthe stud
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argument referred to identifying ex
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Gray called for comparative researc
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The Council of Europe and comparati
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a broader understanding of culture,
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The first one is a `macro’ dimens
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Part 2European Union,culture andcul
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Page 48 and 49: Èventually, a solution was found,
Page 50 and 51: In regard to other taxes, opinions
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Page 66 and 67: Part 3What willthe futurebring?68 P
Page 68 and 69: Manuel Barroso, President of the Eu
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Page 73 and 74: Instead of a conclusionThe aim of t
Page 75 and 76: 1 The French term acquis communauta
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Page 83 and 84: 65 See Annex 1 for a copy of theque
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Page 89 and 90: Aubry P, (2000)The `Television with
Page 91 and 92: Draus F, (2001)Èst-Ouest, le dit e
Page 93 and 94: Futo P, Cuculić J, et al (2002)Met
Page 95 and 96: Laher L, (2001)Trapped in the notio
Page 97 and 98: Puchala D J, (1971)Òf blind men, e
Page 99 and 100: Weidenfeld W, Wessels W, (1997)Euro
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Page 105 and 106: Annex 3List of CPRA jury membersMil
Page 107 and 108: Political Economy Cultural Economic
Page 109 and 110: Annex 4GlossaryAcquis communautaire
Page 111 and 112: Cultural marketsA term used to desc
Page 113 and 114: Third countriesEU documents sometim
Page 115: Author: Nina ObuljenEditor: Janet H
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