Why we need European cultural policies: the impact of EU ...

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introduces the possibility of making reductions from one’s taxable income forpersons who are members of the creative unions.’(Latvia)Except for some minor changes, directly linked with the harmonization, such as the Slovenianexample, reform of the social security regulations has not been exclusively inspired or influencedby the acquis communautaire. In fact, this issue and its relevance for cultural policy can beexamined at two different levels. First, there is the importance of the social security protectionregulations for artists within their own country, an issue that is still almost entirely left to eachmember state to decide. The second issue is how this affects mobility across borders,including not only regulations for EU nationals when working abroad but also those applicableto foreign artists;82 the diversity of systems creates many obstacles to the free movement ofartists.For new EU member states and candidate countries, this issue has also been linked with thequestion of how to create at least similar opportunities for workers across the EU and how toavoid the negative consequences of social dumping sometimes involving the nationals of some ofthese countries (Audéoud 2002).Free movement of goods:relevance for movable cultural heritageThe next question focussed on possible, `changes in legislation regarding the free movement ofgoods, special export arrangements for national treasures and provisions facilitating the return ofcultural goods’.According to the responses, harmonization with the acquis communautaire on the topic of freemovement of goods within the internal market did not have much impact, or at least it was notperceived as having a direct impact on cultural policies. No negative effects were reported. Somereplies mentioned tighter rules on the export of national heritage, aimed at better protection andpreservation.83Rules regarding the free circulation of goods have, from the beginning, taken into considerationthe specificities of the art market and the trade of cultural objects. At the beginning of thetransition, with the opening of borders, there was a sudden increase in illegal export of antiquesfrom east and central European countries. Aligning legislation with EU standards certainly meant56Part 2 The impact of EU enlargement: results of the survey of researchers and policy-makers
improvement of the level of protection, especially for movable cultural goods. In this case, theenlargement of the EU represented a positive incentive both in terms of aligning legislation butalso in opening new possibilities for countries to cooperate to reduce illicit trafficking through aunified system of export controls within the borders of the EU.In the Slovenian negotiation, it was clearly noted that the trade and free movement of goods wouldhave an impact on movable cultural heritage and that it needed to be the subject of negotiationsin chapters other than just the one on culture. In that context, the legal framework on competitionand free markets has taken into account the EU rules protecting movable cultural heritage.StatisticsThe questionnaire’s final question asked, `Have there been any changes necessary to harmonizestatistics in your country with the Eurostat methodology?’. Although most respondents reportedthat there were some changes and improvements of statistics, it seemed that this was not apriority in any of the countries.Ònly to certain extent because Eurostat also has some challenges related toculture. We have had the biggest improvement in the audio-visual field and thatwas primarily due to the participation in the European Audio-visual Observatory.’(Slovenia)Ì would say the harmonization of the statistics had no remarkable impact onevaluation of cultural policies in Latvia. As I know there have been a few smallchanges in the field of cultural statistics, too, but the cultural statistics aredefinitely not the priority of our statisticians, and we still have huge problems togather the data harmonized with the other economic sectors and corresponding tothe needs of a contemporary cultural policy.’(Latvia)`There are no specific results yet, since the newly adopted system doesn’t work atall – it was only formally established (so-called Register of Culture).’(Slovakia)Àt least a year ago I was informed about very preliminary consultations only.’(Hungary)Statistics57
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Why we need European cultural polic
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Page 6 and 7: Prologue When I decided to research
Page 8 and 9: If I had the opportunity of startin
Page 10 and 11: Measures directly referring to cult
Page 12 and 13: obstacles encountered during the pe
Page 14 and 15: Part 1Theconceptualframe ofthe stud
Page 16 and 17: argument referred to identifying ex
Page 18 and 19: Gray called for comparative researc
Page 20 and 21: The Council of Europe and comparati
Page 22 and 23: a broader understanding of culture,
Page 24 and 25: The first one is a `macro’ dimens
Page 26 and 27: Part 2European Union,culture andcul
Page 28 and 29: narrow sense - still remains exclud
Page 30 and 31: Niedobitek (see page 29) drew atten
Page 32 and 33: Even though the author thought that
Page 34 and 35: In spring 2005 two founding members
Page 36 and 37: I am focussing more on the technica
Page 38 and 39: while enlargement negotiations were
Page 40 and 41: ights.56 Since the mid-1990s, the E
Page 42 and 43: This included information about Cha
Page 44 and 45: Gradual development and introductio
Page 46 and 47: of the background presented earlier
Page 48 and 49: Èventually, a solution was found,
Page 50 and 51: In regard to other taxes, opinions
Page 52 and 53: meet the recently introduced regula
Page 56 and 57: One of the recommendations in the F
Page 58 and 59: IPR legislation into line with Worl
Page 60 and 61: Preliminary assessmentof the impact
Page 62 and 63: Changes in taxation policies were n
Page 64 and 65: policy areas and the ensuing transf
Page 66 and 67: Part 3What willthe futurebring?68 P
Page 68 and 69: Manuel Barroso, President of the Eu
Page 70 and 71: has been embraced by the European m
Page 73 and 74: Instead of a conclusionThe aim of t
Page 75 and 76: 1 The French term acquis communauta
Page 77 and 78: 14 When deciding on the methodology
Page 79 and 80: 30 OJ C 336, 19/12/1992.31 1st Repo
Page 81 and 82: 45 After the signing and entry into
Page 83 and 84: 65 See Annex 1 for a copy of theque
Page 85 and 86: 81 32001G0731(01) Council Resolutio
Page 87 and 88: culture, which needs to be exempt f
Page 89 and 90: Aubry P, (2000)The `Television with
Page 91 and 92: Draus F, (2001)Èst-Ouest, le dit e
Page 93 and 94: Futo P, Cuculić J, et al (2002)Met
Page 95 and 96: Laher L, (2001)Trapped in the notio
Page 97 and 98: Puchala D J, (1971)Òf blind men, e
Page 99 and 100: Weidenfeld W, Wessels W, (1997)Euro
Page 101 and 102: 2. In your opinion, have the cultur
Page 103 and 104: 13. Have there been any changes in
Page 105 and 106:
Annex 3List of CPRA jury membersMil
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Political Economy Cultural Economic
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Annex 4GlossaryAcquis communautaire
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Cultural marketsA term used to desc
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Third countriesEU documents sometim
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Author: Nina ObuljenEditor: Janet H
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