Why we need European cultural policies: the impact of EU ...

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the Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitutionfor Europe, as adopted by the EuropeanCommission in July 2003 and by theEuropean Council in June 2004.39 Art III-181 of the Draft ConstitutionalTreaty40 Art III-217 of the Draft ConstitutionalTreaty41 Term `l’exception culturelle’ firstappeared sometime between 1986 and1994, during the so-called Uruguay roundof prolonged world trade negotiationsabout GATS (General Agreement on Tradein Services). The member states of theEuropean Communities, under strong Frenchinfluence, did not offer to liberalize certainservices in cultural sectors and includednumerous exceptions from the MFN principle(Most Favoured Nation Clause). Europeanstates refused to offer liberalization of audiovisualservices as well as those related tolibraries, archives and museums. However,it is important to note that in fact exceptionof culture does not really exist as such. TheEU has agreed in December 1993 thatculture is a part of GATS but did not makecommitments.43 At the Informal Council of EU Ministersof Culture and Audio-visual in May 2003, itwas stressed that the enlargement togetherwith the discussion on the future of Europeare two developments which raise the issueof the European cultural identity as a basisfor the operation of the internal market in thesectors of culture and audio-visual and thequestion of the position of culture and culturalpolicy in the future European Constitution.The ministers also established a clear linkbetween the discussion on the Europeancultural identity after the 2004 enlargementand the functioning of the economy of leisure,the tourist market and the cultural industries.They recognized also a direct link betweenthe need for protecting and promoting theidentity of member states with the discussionon the institutional and political image andperspective of the EU, as well as its positionin the world.However, even though they recognizedthat existing measures for the promotionof European culture are necessary butnot sufficient and that there is a needfor more active cultural policy, they onceagain concluded that they insisted on therespect of their primary competence in thefield of culture, and thus turned once againexclusively towards increasing the communitybudget distributed in the field of cultureand audio-visual as well as towardsimprovement of existing instruments inthe audio-visual sector.42 In the final chapter of this study, whenreflecting on current and future developmentof the European cultural policy, I will furtherexplain why I believe that this approachcannot offer a solution for major challenges ofcontemporary cultural policies in the long run.44 Draus F, (2001)Èst-Ouest, le dit et le non dit.’, Sociétal, no 32.82Notes
45 After the signing and entry into forceof the European Agreements (AssociationAgreements between each individualcandidate country and the EuropeanCommunity) and after receiving an avis of theEuropean Commission, candidate countriesbegan negotiations for full membership in theEU.46 My decision not to include specificquestions about the impact of financing in thequestionnaire was taken because this wouldhave been far too optimistic given the scopeof the study, but also because much analysishas been done and the results of thesestudies have been taken into account.48 For example, YOUTH, SOCRATES II,LEONARDO DA VINCI, NETDAYS EUROPEand so on.49 PHARE programme of assistancewas established in 1989, after the fall ofcommunism in central and eastern Europe,aiming to help countries of this region achieveeconomic reform. Beside economic help,PHARE was the main financial instrument forthe pre-accession strategy of the central andeastern European countries which appliedfor EU membership. Besides PHARE, theEuropean Commission has also openedprogrammes ISPA and SAPARD but theyare not relevant for the cultural field.47 The proposal to include the candidatecountries in Community programmes was putforward at the June 1993 European Councilmeeting in Copenhagen. The LuxembourgEuropean Council in December 1997 made ita pre-accession strategy instrument.A communication from the Commission tothe Council of 20 December 1999 on the13 candidate countries proposed newguidelines for consolidating this instrument,extending it to Cyprus, Malta and Turkey andsimplifying procedures. More information canbe found on the Europa server athttp://europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/pas/ocp/index.html.In December 2003, the Commissionpublished a Communication to the Counciland Parliament preparing for the participationof the Western Balkan countries inCommunity programmes and agencies whichdescribes in details the strategy for furtheropening of the Community programmes.50 See Annex 2 for the wording of Article151.51 EEC No. 3911/92 of 9 December 199252 EU 2469/96 16 December 1996 andEU 974/2001 of 14 May 200153 COM(86) 146 final54 For example in 1989, the Council ofMinisters adopted Decision 89/337/ECon high-definition (HD) television. This setout a number of objectives as the basisof an overall strategy for introducing HDtelevision services in Europe and called onthe Commission to produce a detailed actionplan. In December 1989, the Council issuedNotes83
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Prologue When I decided to research
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If I had the opportunity of startin
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Measures directly referring to cult
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obstacles encountered during the pe
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Part 1Theconceptualframe ofthe stud
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argument referred to identifying ex
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The Council of Europe and comparati
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a broader understanding of culture,
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The first one is a `macro’ dimens
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Part 2European Union,culture andcul
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narrow sense - still remains exclud
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