Why we need European cultural policies: the impact of EU ...

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This included information about Chapter 20 of the acquis communautaire on culture and audiovisualpolicy, as well as chapters on taxation, statistics, intellectual property rights, competitionpolicy and the free movement of goods and persons.Compendium of cultural policies and trends in EuropeThis was an extremely useful source for information about the changes resulting from theenlargement.64 Even though it offered rather general information, it was valuable because itused the same methodology to monitor cultural policies in all countries covered by this project;it also documented the most important trends, including updates on legislation, cultural policypriorities and orientation. Although the Compendium did not refer specifically to legal documentsor policy recommendations originating from the European Union, it still contained muchinformation about the process of harmonization as well as reflections of the authors of countryprofiles about current changes in their respective countries.QuestionnaireFollowing the initial analysis of available data and literature, a questionnaire was designed andcirculated.65 The objectives were first, to provide a basis for comparative analysis to testor confirm trends and changes occurring in cultural policies as a consequence of theEU enlargement observed through existing resources. The second aim was to gather opinionsfrom individuals who were either directly involved in the process of accession or knowledgeableabout the issues.I wanted to see if the policies identified in the initial research as having had an impact on culturewere perceived as such by experts and policy-makers, and also to find out which issues theyconsidered pertinent and which they did not see as relevant. Another aim was to canvas whetherso far – in other words since enlargement – there have been any significant changes in culturalpolicies which connect with other policies identified as having possible impact on culture.The questionnaire consisted of two types of questions, some of which requested a personalassessment by the respondents and some of which requested specific data.Initially, one of the ideas of this research was to include a comparison of cultural policies of newmember countries with those of old member countries. The point of this was to see if enlargementin 2004 had had more or less of an impact on cultural policies, when compared with 1995enlargement. However, such a comparison is not feasible: first, because the European Union isconstantly changing 66 and secondly, because in the new member countries major reforms inother social and economic spheres are ongoing or anticipated. Thus, analysis based solely oncultural policies could be misleading.44Part 2 The impact of EU enlargement: results of the survey of researchers and policy-makers
The questionnaire sampleThose selected to receive the questionnaire were chosen either because of their institutionalaffiliation (individuals responsible for legal affairs, European affairs or cultural policy at ministriesof culture) or based on their research, writing and academic references. The main criteria forselection included individual’s knowledge of European issues and expertise in cultural policy(preferably not exclusively specialized in one specific policy field), either as policy-makers orresearchers. The questionnaire was sent to 18 respondents in ten countries.67Of these, 11 responded within a period of one month and it is on their data that the findingsare based.68These specific criteria limited the number of possible respondents to a very small sample, but itwas more important to get responses from those individuals who have an insight into broadercultural policy debates in their countries than to have a large number of respondents that mighthave been able to answer only some of the questions. It would have been interesting to compareanswers received from different respondents from the same country in order to see whichquestions provoked the most divergent answers. The small sample size however, did not permitany such generalizations, and therefore some differences are being referred to simply to suggestthose divergences without drawing any definite conclusions.From the outset, I intended to analyze the results of the questionnaire alongside the literaturereview. Preliminary conclusions gathered from the latter were tested against the data gatheredthrough the questionnaire.General assessmentThe results of the questionnaire indicated some possible trends on a selected list of issues – theaim being to point to areas where cultural policies have already been affected by enlargement ormight be so in the future.It is also important to stress that it is still too early for an in-depth analysis of the consequences ofthe accession.69 The last progress reports for the audio-visual sector, released beforethe 2004 enlargement, stressed that, while there were no major obstacles in harmonizinglegislation, there was still much to be done to ensure adequate implementation andmonitoring.70 In the progress reports Commission stated that efforts were gradually movingfrom legislative alignment to implementation of the acquis communautaire. The Commissionmonitors this implementation process and pays particular attention to the development of what theCommission refers to as à suitable administrative and judicial capacity’.General assessment45
Page 1 and 2: Why we need European cultural polic
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Page 6 and 7: Prologue When I decided to research
Page 8 and 9: If I had the opportunity of startin
Page 10 and 11: Measures directly referring to cult
Page 12 and 13: obstacles encountered during the pe
Page 14 and 15: Part 1Theconceptualframe ofthe stud
Page 16 and 17: argument referred to identifying ex
Page 18 and 19: Gray called for comparative researc
Page 20 and 21: The Council of Europe and comparati
Page 22 and 23: a broader understanding of culture,
Page 24 and 25: The first one is a `macro’ dimens
Page 26 and 27: Part 2European Union,culture andcul
Page 28 and 29: narrow sense - still remains exclud
Page 30 and 31: Niedobitek (see page 29) drew atten
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Page 34 and 35: In spring 2005 two founding members
Page 36 and 37: I am focussing more on the technica
Page 38 and 39: while enlargement negotiations were
Page 40 and 41: ights.56 Since the mid-1990s, the E
Page 44 and 45: Gradual development and introductio
Page 46 and 47: of the background presented earlier
Page 48 and 49: Èventually, a solution was found,
Page 50 and 51: In regard to other taxes, opinions
Page 52 and 53: meet the recently introduced regula
Page 54 and 55: introduces the possibility of makin
Page 56 and 57: One of the recommendations in the F
Page 58 and 59: IPR legislation into line with Worl
Page 60 and 61: Preliminary assessmentof the impact
Page 62 and 63: Changes in taxation policies were n
Page 64 and 65: policy areas and the ensuing transf
Page 66 and 67: Part 3What willthe futurebring?68 P
Page 68 and 69: Manuel Barroso, President of the Eu
Page 70 and 71: has been embraced by the European m
Page 73 and 74: Instead of a conclusionThe aim of t
Page 75 and 76: 1 The French term acquis communauta
Page 77 and 78: 14 When deciding on the methodology
Page 79 and 80: 30 OJ C 336, 19/12/1992.31 1st Repo
Page 81 and 82: 45 After the signing and entry into
Page 83 and 84: 65 See Annex 1 for a copy of theque
Page 85 and 86: 81 32001G0731(01) Council Resolutio
Page 87 and 88: culture, which needs to be exempt f
Page 89 and 90: Aubry P, (2000)The `Television with
Page 91 and 92: Draus F, (2001)Èst-Ouest, le dit e
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Futo P, Cuculić J, et al (2002)Met
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Laher L, (2001)Trapped in the notio
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Puchala D J, (1971)Òf blind men, e
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Weidenfeld W, Wessels W, (1997)Euro
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2. In your opinion, have the cultur
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13. Have there been any changes in
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Annex 3List of CPRA jury membersMil
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Political Economy Cultural Economic
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Annex 4GlossaryAcquis communautaire
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Cultural marketsA term used to desc
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Third countriesEU documents sometim
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Author: Nina ObuljenEditor: Janet H
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