World Disasters Report 2010 - International Federation of Red Cross ...

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CHAPTER 7 Photo opposite page: On 27 May 2006, an earthquake caused widespread destruction around the city of Yogyakarta on Java, Indonesia, killing some 6,000 people. The Indonesian Red Cross Society, backed by the IFRC, launched a massive relief operation to help the injured and those who were displaced by the quake. © Spanish Red Cross 144 where the lack of attention to disaster risk reduction by local governments becomes evident – even as politicians and civil servants hide behind the term ‘natural disaster’ or find fault with their predecessors. But it is also at the local level that risk management becomes possible. Vulnerability and hazards interact generating specific risk conditions, which are socially and geographically specific, dynamic and in constant flux. It is at the local level that civil society can interact with government and together plan for disaster risk reduction within a local development framework. The 1990s – the International Decade for Disaster Risk Reduction – brought a shift in the way disasters are understood with much more attention being paid to the links between development, disasters and environmental degradation. From this came a widespread consensus that risks are a social construction and that risk reduction should be implemented locally and with local actors. For Latin America, two key factors contributed to this: decentralization processes and state reforms in many countries; and the occurrence of several major disasters in the region which affected large population centres. Several countries enacted new legislation or are in the process of making amendments so as to meet the challenges of development and disaster risk reduction; in many cases this includes the transformation of emergency response agencies into national risk reduction systems. Governments – many at the local level – have assumed new roles and responsibilities, including modifying their approach to risk management, integrating different actors into the process and implementing risk management within development planning. But these remain the exception and a wide gap exists between rhetoric and practice. Many governments at different levels continue to focus only on emergency and reconstruction efforts and the latter often fail to incorporate long-term actions that would reduce risk and vulnerability to disasters. Disaster risk reduction is not a one-off activity but a continuous process. What makes cities and municipal governments address disaster risk reduction? Some city governments have shown how to incorporate disaster risk reduction into development, i.e., to go beyond provisions for disaster preparedness. They have implemented the development initiatives and associated controls, regulatory frameworks and governance mechanisms that are essential to reducing risks. These have included upgrading programmes for informal settlements, urban land-use management with associated zoning and building codes, housing improvements and expanding coverage of city-wide infrastructure and services. Most examples of this come from nations or cities where popular pressure and political reforms have made local governments more accountable and responsive to their citizens. Obviously, this has to include local governments which develop relations with those who live in informal settlements and develop the capacity to govern with, and for, them. One of the most important innovations in
many such cities is participatory budgeting, where the inhabitants of each district in the city are able to influence priorities for public investments and details of the city’s budget are published and made much more transparent. In the 1980s the Brazilian city of Porto Alegre pioneered participatory budgeting and in 2004, the city introduced the Local Solidarity Programme which allows residents in the city’s 17 municipal divisions to participate in forums where projects for the next city budget are proposed and prioritized. More than 70 cities worldwide have adopted participatory budgeting. This shift by local governments to disaster risk reduction has been driven by different factors. In some nations, it is driven by stronger local democracies (for instance, a shift to elected mayors and city councils) and decentralization so city governments have a stronger financial base. Sometimes the trigger has been a particular disaster, such as Hurricane Mitch in Central America, or a sequence of disaster events, such as the Armero and Popayan earthquakes and other disasters in Colombia, which helps drive countries and their city and municipal governments to adopt new approaches for disaster risk reduction. After Hurricane Mitch, governments in Central America finally realized that the best way to respond to disaster risk was to reduce it. They made efforts at legal reform in order to transform traditional emergency response frameworks into risk World Disasters Report 2010 – Focus on urban risk 145
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The International Federation of Red
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World Disasters Report 2010 Focus o
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Contents International Federation o
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Chapter 6 Urbanization and climate
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Annex 2 Making cities resilient: A
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annually despite commendable effort
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Avoiding the urbanization of disast
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in low-income nations even though a
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The last few decades have also brou
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But only a very small proportion of
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einforce the view that disaster ris
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institutions. Poor people have a lo
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Box 1.2 Can Haiti build back better
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was ‘illegal’, makes reconstruc
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that the needs and priorities of th
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Ravallion, M., Chen, S. and Sangrau
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Urban disaster trends It is well kn
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about 65 per cent of the world’s
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With the exception of the South Asi
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fires and traffic accidents. Buildi
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large cities in low- and middle-inc
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Figure 2.5 Port cities with highest
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expansion is driving risk in many A
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know the phone number) and the fire
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However, the incentive for owners t
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The focus on assets, especially hig
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Munich Re Group. Topics Annual Revi
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Starting over: Community rights and
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on this. However, it is complicated
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all those in the evacuation centre)
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those affected, help them get organ
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disaster events. Governments often
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In urban areas, rebuilding homes an
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ownership or other formalized/legal
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However, the scope of the upgrading
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Sources and further information Ade
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Syukrizal, A., Hafidz, W. and Saute
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Urban violence As more people crowd
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Drug production and trafficking Sou
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Economic development In economic te
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Surrounding what happens in homes a
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Table 4.1 Measuring inequality Coun
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Crisis of legitimacy Many states wi
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and in a sense of hopelessness for
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At the same time, many of the world
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can help, but - as the Organisation
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Fukuyama, F. ‘A Quiet Revolution:
Page 97 and 98: Tedesco, L. Latin American States -
Page 99 and 100: Urban risk to health The rapid rise
Page 101 and 102: are malnourished, compared with 16
Page 103 and 104: show that prices of imported rice a
Page 105 and 106: pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, meas
Page 107 and 108: SARS caused near global panic for a
Page 109 and 110: Urban life affects the way people w
Page 111 and 112: The Red Cross has 90 first-aid stat
Page 113 and 114: private life. Equally significant a
Page 115 and 116: Sources and further information Bur
Page 117 and 118: World Economic Forum. Global Risks
Page 119 and 120: Urbanization and climate change ris
Page 121 and 122: more frequent hot days and nights,
Page 123 and 124: impacts of changing precipitation p
Page 125 and 126: feedback have all been used to help
Page 127 and 128: Addressing the causes of climate ch
Page 129 and 130: The Green Party Minister for the En
Page 131 and 132: The inquiry dealt only with technic
Page 133 and 134: Ensuring climate and disaster prepa
Page 135 and 136: negotiations. However, there are no
Page 137 and 138: to peak if the planet is to have a
Page 139 and 140: Sources and further information Ade
Page 141 and 142: Mata, J. L. and Nobre, C. Backgroun
Page 143 and 144: Urban governance and disaster risk
Page 145 and 146: the city government has developed a
Page 147: For many cities, including those me
Page 151 and 152: due to El Niño. Many other factors
Page 153 and 154: all provinces by the end of 2009. T
Page 155 and 156: in informal settlements than in the
Page 157 and 158: Conclusion As we pointed out at the
Page 159 and 160: Fay, M., Ghesquiere, F. and Solo, T
Page 161 and 162: Satterthwaite, D. et al. ‘Adaptin
Page 163 and 164: World Disasters Report 2010 - Disas
Page 165 and 166: (eight windstorms, one flood, one w
Page 167 and 168: �� Miscellaneous accidents: Col
Page 169 and 170: Information systems have improved v
Page 171 and 172: Table 2 Total number of people repo
Page 173 and 174: Table 4 Total amount of disaster es
Page 175 and 176: Table 6 Total number of people repo
Page 177 and 178: Table 8 Total amount of disaster es
Page 179 and 180: During the decade: Asia accounted f
Page 181 and 182: During the decade: Medium human dev
Page 183 and 184: During the decade: Medium human dev
Page 185 and 186: During the decade: Americas account
Page 187 and 188: Total number of people reported kil
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Page 195 and 196: Making cities resilient: A ten-poin
Page 197 and 198: The UNDP Country Office interventio
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which was the 1961 flood that invol
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with semi-rural mountainous areas,
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a Federal Relief Commission and an
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Benin 96, 119, 136, 182 Bogotá 86,
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disasters 7-8, 11-16, 18, 20-22, 26
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high-income nations 12-13, 16-17, 1
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landslide(s) 21-22, 45, 56-57, 117,
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Oceania 12, 166-169, 174-176, 178,
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slum(s) 7, 11, 15, 22-23, 28, 31, 3
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urbanization 7-8, 11-12, 16-19, 27-
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The Fundamental Principles of the I
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