World Disasters Report 2010 - International Federation of Red Cross ...

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ANNEX 2 194 a system they can respond to, many can afford to make the improvements using their own resources without the need to use loan finance. Essential 3 Hazard identification and risk assessment at the provincial level Ontario, Canada (From UNISDR, Local Governments and Disaster Risk Reduction – Good practices and lessons learned, Geneva, April 2010.) Ontario passed its provincial Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act in 2003. The act required all provincial ministries and municipal governments to identify and rank all known and suspected emerging hazards and risks to community safety. This included carrying out a Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) process to assess risk, identify vulnerabilities and plan for comprehensive disaster risk reduction. The Ontario provincial government tasked Emergency Management Ontario with the implementation of the province-wide HIRA report and methodology, on which the ministry and municipal assessments would be based. Emergency Management Ontario produced an initial HIRA in 2003 which identified 37 main risks for the province. All provincial government ministries are now working on assessments based on this. A specialist officer in Emergency Management Ontario is currently reviewing the 37 hazards, identifying emerging hazards and developing a methodology to make the HIRA process even more effective and accurate. Emergency Management Ontario continues to provide comprehensive guidelines and technical support for this risk assessment process. As a result, the provincial HIRA has improved the Ontario government’s ability to anticipate and mitigate the potential effects of hazards, throughout all ministry sectors. It is already helping to guide the creation of effective exercises, public awareness campaigns and training programmes focused on the most likely and dangerous hazards. This will improve disaster prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery. Essential 4 A city government in a highly vulnerable flood-prone area develops a climate change plan with comprehensive disaster management measures Pune, India (From UNISDR, Adaptation to climate change by reducing disaster risks: country practices and lessons, Briefing Note 2, Geneva, November 2009.) The city of Pune in Maharashtra State, India, has a population of nearly 5 million people and is located at the confluence of the Mutha, Mula and Pavana rivers. It has been affected by several severe floods over the last six decades, the most significant of
which was the 1961 flood that involved a major dam failure. Anticipating an increased frequency of floods due to climate change, a number of programmes have been put in place to build capacity, assess hazards and vulnerability, construct dams, dykes and seawalls, establish early warning systems, as well as projects concerning land-use planning, environmental protection and community education and resilience. A systematic city-wide plan of practical action to reduce flooding was implemented. A first step was to assess the flood risks by analysing hourly rainfall intensity and examining the likely changes in impacts in low-lying areas and places where natural drainage was blocked by the construction of houses or by roads without adequate bridges. A detailed city drainage map was developed. The plan introduced structural and planning measures for restoring natural drainage, widening streams, extending bridges and applying natural soil infiltration methodologies. Watershed conservation techniques, such as afforestation and building small earthen check dams, were undertaken in the hill zone. Property tax incentives were provided to encourage households to recycle wastewater or use rainwater harvesting by storing run-off from their roofs for domestic use. These efforts were complemented by improvements in flood monitoring and warning systems and social protection for affected families. The initiative was driven jointly by the elected municipal government, the municipal commissioner and Alert (active citizen groups), and involves many different city departments. It demonstrates that local governments can prepare for climate change by reducing and managing the local factors that lead to disasters. Essential 5 Making all healthcare facilities safer Cayman Islands (From UNISDR, 2008–2009 World Disaster Reduction Campaign – Hospitals Safe from Disasters, Geneva, January 2008.) The Cayman Islands, which is made up of three islands, has experienced the largest number of hurricane strikes in the Atlantic basin. In September 2004, the biggest island, Grand Cayman, was hit by Hurricane Ivan, the islands’ worst hurricane in 86 years. Ivan destroyed or damaged 90 per cent of buildings. Power, water and communications were disrupted for months in some areas. But the island began a major rebuilding process, including in the health sector. The Cayman Islands adopted a National Strategic Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Within this framework, the Health Services Authority, as the islands’ primary provider of healthcare, implemented several activities to make all its facilities safer. These activities address structural, non-structural, functional and workforce issues. For instance, at the structural level, the 124-bed Cayman Islands Hospital (the territory’s principal healthcare facility) was built to Category 5 hurricane standards. Older facilities were upgraded to new local and international building codes and protocols for healthcare facilities, and seismic risk reduction elements were introduced in the World Disasters Report 2010 – Disaster data 195
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The International Federation of Red
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World Disasters Report 2010 Focus o
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Contents International Federation o
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Chapter 6 Urbanization and climate
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Annex 2 Making cities resilient: A
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annually despite commendable effort
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Avoiding the urbanization of disast
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in low-income nations even though a
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The last few decades have also brou
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But only a very small proportion of
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einforce the view that disaster ris
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institutions. Poor people have a lo
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Box 1.2 Can Haiti build back better
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was ‘illegal’, makes reconstruc
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that the needs and priorities of th
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Ravallion, M., Chen, S. and Sangrau
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Urban disaster trends It is well kn
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about 65 per cent of the world’s
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With the exception of the South Asi
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fires and traffic accidents. Buildi
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large cities in low- and middle-inc
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Figure 2.5 Port cities with highest
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expansion is driving risk in many A
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know the phone number) and the fire
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However, the incentive for owners t
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The focus on assets, especially hig
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Munich Re Group. Topics Annual Revi
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Starting over: Community rights and
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on this. However, it is complicated
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all those in the evacuation centre)
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those affected, help them get organ
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disaster events. Governments often
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In urban areas, rebuilding homes an
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ownership or other formalized/legal
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However, the scope of the upgrading
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Sources and further information Ade
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Syukrizal, A., Hafidz, W. and Saute
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Urban violence As more people crowd
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Drug production and trafficking Sou
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Economic development In economic te
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Surrounding what happens in homes a
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Table 4.1 Measuring inequality Coun
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Crisis of legitimacy Many states wi
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and in a sense of hopelessness for
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At the same time, many of the world
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can help, but - as the Organisation
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Fukuyama, F. ‘A Quiet Revolution:
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Tedesco, L. Latin American States -
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Urban risk to health The rapid rise
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are malnourished, compared with 16
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show that prices of imported rice a
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pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, meas
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SARS caused near global panic for a
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Urban life affects the way people w
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The Red Cross has 90 first-aid stat
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private life. Equally significant a
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Sources and further information Bur
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World Economic Forum. Global Risks
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Urbanization and climate change ris
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more frequent hot days and nights,
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impacts of changing precipitation p
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feedback have all been used to help
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Addressing the causes of climate ch
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The Green Party Minister for the En
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The inquiry dealt only with technic
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Ensuring climate and disaster prepa
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negotiations. However, there are no
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to peak if the planet is to have a
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Sources and further information Ade
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Mata, J. L. and Nobre, C. Backgroun
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Urban governance and disaster risk
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the city government has developed a
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Page 149 and 150: many such cities is participatory b
Page 151 and 152: due to El Niño. Many other factors
Page 153 and 154: all provinces by the end of 2009. T
Page 155 and 156: in informal settlements than in the
Page 157 and 158: Conclusion As we pointed out at the
Page 159 and 160: Fay, M., Ghesquiere, F. and Solo, T
Page 161 and 162: Satterthwaite, D. et al. ‘Adaptin
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Page 165 and 166: (eight windstorms, one flood, one w
Page 167 and 168: �� Miscellaneous accidents: Col
Page 169 and 170: Information systems have improved v
Page 171 and 172: Table 2 Total number of people repo
Page 173 and 174: Table 4 Total amount of disaster es
Page 175 and 176: Table 6 Total number of people repo
Page 177 and 178: Table 8 Total amount of disaster es
Page 179 and 180: During the decade: Asia accounted f
Page 181 and 182: During the decade: Medium human dev
Page 183 and 184: During the decade: Medium human dev
Page 185 and 186: During the decade: Americas account
Page 187 and 188: Total number of people reported kil
Page 193 and 194: World Disasters Report 2010 - Disas
Page 195 and 196: Making cities resilient: A ten-poin
Page 197: The UNDP Country Office interventio
Page 201 and 202: with semi-rural mountainous areas,
Page 203 and 204: a Federal Relief Commission and an
Page 205 and 206: Benin 96, 119, 136, 182 Bogotá 86,
Page 207 and 208: disasters 7-8, 11-16, 18, 20-22, 26
Page 209 and 210: high-income nations 12-13, 16-17, 1
Page 211 and 212: landslide(s) 21-22, 45, 56-57, 117,
Page 213 and 214: Oceania 12, 166-169, 174-176, 178,
Page 215 and 216: slum(s) 7, 11, 15, 22-23, 28, 31, 3
Page 217 and 218: urbanization 7-8, 11-12, 16-19, 27-
Page 219 and 220: The Fundamental Principles of the I
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