AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016

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This chapter showed that SI is about developing more resilient agricultural systems that are able to feed the world in the context of new economic, demographic, and agro-ecological challenges and opportunities. SI strategies for enhancing resilience of agricultural production systems along the economic, social and environmental dimensions require an approach that integrates technological, institutional and policy options. An important aspect is the need for increases in agricultural TFP to close the large yield gaps between the agronomic potential and what farmers, especially smallholders in Africa, currently receive. Also critical is a consideration of the pathway for implementing SI given the highly heterogeneous context, not only from the physical environment standpoint, but also from the fact that the needs for smallholder farmers in different farming systems will be different from those of large-scale farmers. The chapter also presents some options for SI with particular emphasis on resilience within the context of a CSA approach to agricultural policy combining technological options with enabling institutional and policy environments. Specific technology related entry points for CSA include increasing uptake of agroforestry interventions, promoting ISFM, reducing sensitivity to climate change and weather variability through diversification and promoting a flexible approach to conservation agriculture. Given the complexities of agro-ecological and socio-economic systems in SSA, this chapter urges careful assessment of all technological options for multiple scales and time horizons to develop locally acceptable options to improve food security and resilience. The chapter also discusses and broadens the concept of intensifying breeding for improved varieties and livestock breeds that is generally referred to as genetic intensification. This is an important aspect of SI, especially through its role in increasing crop and livestock yields, enabling nitrogen uptake and fixation, improving nutrition and enhancing resilience to pests and diseases and climate change etc. The chapter recommends some policy, institutional and social entry points and pathways of SI, emphasizing development of resilience strategies including adaptive and transformative capacities. These strategies include improving and promoting inclusive governance of resources; enhancing access and use of information; recognizing, modernizing and up-scaling indigenous coping strategies and technologies; securing tenure of land, forestry and fisheries; addressing gender inequality; promoting investment in development of inclusive value chains that particularly address systemic challenges of input and output markets for smallholder farmers in Africa; and developing, nurturing and supporting a domestically funded research and science agenda for Africa. AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016 97
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AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 20
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FOREWORD Over the last decade, mill
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Africa Agricul
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ACRONYMS Africa Lead AAS AASR AATIF
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FMARD FSN FTF GACSA GAFSP GAIN GART
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SAKSS SBCC SCARDA SCM SDG SDI SI SM
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Introduction For decades, observers
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and changing food diets associated
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Table 1.2: Population growth of sel
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Figure 1.4: Changes in annual agric
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already occurring (Headey & Jayne,
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lease of customary land without the
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Hence, the pattern of trade illustr
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Table 1.4: Changes in farm structur
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of the pathway to food and nutritio
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Jayne, T. S., Chamberlin, J., Traub
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KEY MESSAGES ONE CAADP is an unpara
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Figure 2.1.Overview of the CAADP Im
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level. The success of ReSAKSS is be
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agricultural potential, alternative
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Table 2.1: Trends in selected CAADP
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poverty fell faster during this per
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expenditure (research, extension, i
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Table 2.4. Average annual change in
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captures the individual pathways of
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MA also has to be underpinned by lo
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References African Union. (2014). M
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Meenakshi, J.V., Johnson, N.L., Man
Page 59 and 60: KEY MESSAGES ONE TWO THREE FOUR Afr
Page 61 and 62: GDP declined by 1.4 percent in 2009
Page 63 and 64: from political violence, terrorism,
Page 65 and 66: interpretation is implied, this obs
Page 67 and 68: Differences in the African pattern
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.5: Trends in types of emplo
Page 71 and 72: that would likely affect the contri
Page 73 and 74: c. Concentration of farm structure
Page 75 and 76: a. Invest in education to upgrade t
Page 77 and 78: These could include policy measures
Page 79 and 80: References African Center for Econo
Page 81 and 82: Giller, K. E., Rowe, E. C., de Ridd
Page 83 and 84: Ndung’u, N. S. (2016). Viewpoint:
Page 85 and 86: World Bank. (2015). World developme
Page 87 and 88: KEY MESSAGES ONE Although sustainab
Page 89 and 90: BOX 4.1: Components of Sustainable
Page 91 and 92: of the world. These authors also re
Page 93 and 94: Further, Locatelli et al. (2008) ha
Page 95 and 96: Climate and Weather Variability The
Page 97 and 98: Resilience of livelihoods is determ
Page 99 and 100: While acknowledging successes of SI
Page 101 and 102: Entry Points For Sustainable Intens
Page 103 and 104: BOX 4.4: The CSA Compendium: A scie
Page 105 and 106: Successful interventions include fo
Page 107 and 108: Open data combined with agricultura
Page 109: According to Tshibaka (2014), evide
Page 113 and 114: Enfors, E. (2013). Social-ecologica
Page 115 and 116: Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell,
Page 117 and 118: Toulmin, C., Leonard, R., Brock, K.
Page 119 and 120: KEY MESSAGES ONE In SSA, sustainabl
Page 121 and 122: Figure 5.1: Poverty traps framework
Page 123 and 124: Cereal Yield/Kilogram Per Hectare F
Page 125 and 126: Table 5.2: Correlation between fact
Page 127 and 128: Table 5.3: Farmer use of improved i
Page 129 and 130: Figure 5.9: Agricultural research s
Page 131 and 132: association is found for cereal out
Page 133 and 134: AGRA’s Experience The observation
Page 135 and 136: Increase access to affordable crop
Page 137 and 138: Sheahan, M., & Barrett, C. B. (2014
Page 139 and 140: KEY MESSAGES ONE Smallholder farmer
Page 141 and 142: transformation in Africa. The achie
Page 143 and 144: from agribusiness actors to smallho
Page 145 and 146: season, maize prices could be 270 p
Page 147 and 148: critical challenges and the solutio
Page 149 and 150: Limited access and high cost of acc
Page 151 and 152: of onion production in northern Gha
Page 153 and 154: Conclusions This chapter presents t
Page 155 and 156: Collins, D., Morduch, ,. J., Ruther
Page 157 and 158: Minot, N. (2014). Food price volati
Page 159 and 160: Weatherspoon, D. D., & Reardon, T.
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KEY MESSAGES ONE Access to finance
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esources into agriculture. This in
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Table 7.1: Indicative investments t
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technical knowledge about products.
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continue to experience inadequate a
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Box 7.1: GAFSP: Country Examples Rw
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Private Equity Association, total p
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drawing down assets, and 25 percent
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equires: recognition of the critica
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Policy Recommendations This review
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Meyer, R. L. (2015, March). Financi
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KEY MESSAGES ONE The African contin
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Figure 8.1: Mobile phone based serv
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high input costs, and a disconnecte
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available through less high-tech de
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Figure 8.4: Kenya leads the pack fo
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years and higher quality seeds are
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CASE STUDY FieldLook South Sudan in
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Rationale behind rapid adoption •
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CASE STUDY Eastern Africa Farmer Fe
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many others have none or have strin
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the strategic adoption of ICT with
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To address constraints to improving
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References Accenture. (2015). Digit
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Gustafson, S. (27.1.2016). The Digi
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Wolfenson K. D. (2013). Coping with
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KEY MESSAGES ONE A guided evolution
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een registered over the last decade
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the AIS paradigm at policy and prog
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Box 9.2: Rwanda - A Phoenix Rising
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other supportive partners (tertiary
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Table 9.2: SSA AR4D funding through
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(e.g., NARIs, universities, NGOs, F
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Table 9.3: Number of extension agen
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the whole farm whereas the field sc
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approach, organizational or system
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CASE STUDY Regional Universities Fo
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CASE STUDY African Network for Agri
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CASE STUDY FAO—Tropical Agricultu
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Bizimana, C. (2014). Rwanda’s Ach
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Rwanda. Retrieved from http://www.m
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World Bank. (2007). Project Apprais
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KEY MESSAGES ONE The poverty rate a
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Table 10.1: Number of undernourishe
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Figure 10.6: Stunting in children u
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Why single out nutrition matters? A
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BOX 10.1: The 7 Malabo Declaration
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Reducing post-harvest losses FAO es
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BOX 10.4: Growing trend towards a m
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References African Union. (2015). T
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Schmidt, R. H., & Rodrick, G. E. (2
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“Africa is simply tired of being
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2025, tripling intra-African trade,
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towards agricultural transformation
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While agricultural research generat
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258 AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPOR
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Technical Notes The following conve
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Madagascar 72.6 72.3 72.1 71.8 71.2
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Madagascar 2.81 -15.28 6.54 2.19 1.
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Madagascar 351.1 337.2 332.9 323.7
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Madagascar 2,020 1,967 2,202 2,354
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Madagascar 86.0 84.2 87.3 91.8 103.
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Mali .. .. 52.0 15.7 17.5 31.1 22.5
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Madagascar -0.0053 -0.0075 0.0073 -
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Malawi 401.9 405.1 437.2 438.9 511.
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Madagascar 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6
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Madagascar 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.9 2.8 5.6
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Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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Liberia 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.5
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