AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016

Recommendations

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Increase investment in infrastructure and software: There is plenty of information that can help farmers make decisions; the problem is in helping farmers access and apply it. Access to input and output markets and information require improvements in road, electricity and network infrastructure. While mobile phones have become the most ubiquitous telecommunication technology in SSA, playing a major role in the development of the agricultural sector, many people still suffer from limited network coverage (World Bank, 2016). Investment should also be made in developing network infrastructure and software that systematizes information and enables value chain actors to make informed decisions (Feijoo, 2014) Establish regulation for emerging technologies: In 2015, Grand View Research estimated the global commercial drone market size to be US$552 million in 2014; this was projected to grow to US$2.07 billion by 2022, with agriculture dominating other drone sectors (CTA, 2016). Decision makers should make user-friendly and forward-looking policies that foster capacity building in the use of emerging technologies. They should also modernize the bureaus of statistics with UAV technologies, focusing on open access solutions, to guarantee sustainability. Before this, however, policy makers need to understand the technology and how it works so they can facilitate its market entry and adoption. Networking or dialogue platforms should be established between policy makers, customers and technology companies to enable policy makers to: (i) assess the changes happening with digital technology products and services around the world; (ii) connect with their counterparts in other countries to demonstrate and understand the transformative benefits and security of the platforms; and (iii) be involved in the development and implementation of digital technologies to ensure they are in line with government plans and regulations for the agricultural sector as a way to improve inclusion (Dryden, 2016) Foster institutional networks: A review of the RAIP and NAIPs of 15 member states ECOWAS, revealed that only 1 country, Burkina Faso, explicitly linked climate change adaptation to its NAIP; the remaining 14 countries failed to mainstream climate change adaptation into their NAIPs (Williams et al., 2015). This was largely the result of the lack of entities in those countries providing technical support and developing the evidence necessary to catalyze climate resilience strategies. Strong institutional support therefore, agencies such as Ethiopia’s ATA need to be built to facilitate evidence-based data collection and analysis that will enable policy makers to: make informed decisions; promote inclusivity in decision making; improve the dissemination of information; provide financial support and access to markets; provide insurance to cope with risks associated with climate shocks and the adoption of new practices; and support farmers’ collaborative actions (Williams et al., 2015). Conclusion As more farmers seek to gain access to markets, and as markets develop to allow for transparent pricing, the farmer receives a fair price, can become self-sufficient and the process in the end creates an ecosystem with enough resources to invest back into improved agricultural processes, which in turn improves yields and lowers losses (WEF, 2016). Beyond pricing, there is also the need for greater transparency about non-tariff measures (NTMs) to mitigate the risks of denying small-scale farmers opportunities to embed codes of good agricultural practice in their farm operations and hence getting their produce to lucrative markets. As highlighted in the 2016 World Economic Forum, the ultimate success of any innovation depends not so much on a “blue sky” approach where one size fits all. The success also depends on developing solutions that: meet the day-to-day needs of farmers; are in line with what farmer organizations actually care most about; and meet the needs of other market actors in the agricultural system to incentivize them to invest in the digital technology, thereby facilitating the easy and sustainable adoption by smallholder farmers (Warshauer, 2016). The success and use of pro-technology strategies and regulatory frameworks have achieved this in the financial service sector, helping cut the cost of financial services in rural communities by as much as 50 percent and giving farmers both access to credit and the means to mobilize it (Kalibata, 2016). Besides financial services and ICTs, regulatory frameworks for agri-input suppliers and traders in agricultural produce deserve attention. These should be embedded in national laws and must not be overly restrictive of private enterprise. However, they should also be effective enough to ensure fair practices in the supply of farm inputs, farm produce quality and safety and the associated processes of certification and marketing. Global frameworks for some of these such as for seeds and plantbased agricultural products are already created under OECD, UPOV, ISTA, IPPC, etc., but have not been fully translated into effective national regulations in many countries. Advances in digital technology enhance efficiency and enable stakeholders to effect traceability systems along value chains, a requisite for facilitative market structuring and regulation. They have also shown that smallholder farming can become profitable businesses and that the private sector is becoming increasingly interested in serving them as conditions improve and largely as a result of the impact of mobile technology (Adesina, 2016). However, foreign direct investment targets countries showing actual progress in sustainable agricultural productivity driven by related innovations on the ground (Husmann et al., 2015). The question remains as to what regulatory reforms can foster inclusion, avert future shocks and replicate sustainable business models at scale in the next decade (WEF, 2016). AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016 193
References Accenture. (2015). Digital Agriculture: Improving Profitability. Accenture Adesina, A. (2016). Agriculture as a Business; Approaching Agriculture as an Investment Opportunity. African Farmers in the Digital Age Report. How Digital Solutions Can Enable Rural Development. Foreign Affairs. Digital Thinking Initiative. AFKInsider. (2013). iCow Ranked No. 1 mobile app for African Agriculture. Retrieved from http://afkinsider. com/30404/icow-ranks-1-mobile-app-africa-agriculture-ict/ Africa Growth Initiative. (2016). Foresight Africa, Top Priorities for the Continent in 2016; Brookings Institute Anan, K., Dryden, S. (2016). Food and the Transformation of Africa; Getting Smallholders Connected. African Farmers in the Digital Age Report. How Digital Solutions Can Enable Rural Development. Foreign Affairs. Digital Thinking Initiative. A.T Kearney. (2016). Africa’s Agricultural Transformation Opportunity, Building Agricultural Ecosystems can boost Social Cohesion…Create Million of Jobs in Africa; A.T. Kearney Ayoka Systems. (28.1.2016). 7 Emerging Agriculture Technologies. Retrieved from http://www.ayokasystems. com/news/emerging-agriculture-technologies/ Balaji, V. (2009). The Fate of Agriculture. Thinkpiece for CGIAR Scientific Forum Workshop on ICTs Transforming Agricultural Science, Research, and Technology Generation, Wageningen. Seminar No. 597. Retrieved at www.india-seminar.com Barton, D., Leke, A. (2016). 3 Reasons Things Are Looking Up for African Economies. World Economic Forum Blog. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/what-s-the-future-of-economicgrowth-in-africa/ Bandiera, O., Burgess, R., Deserrano, E., Rasul, I., Sulaiman, M. (n.d). Women Farmers and Barriers to Technology Adoption in Rural Uganda. Retrieved from https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/womenfarmers-and-barriers-technology-adoption-rural-uganda Badiane, O., Makombe, T. (2014). Infrastructure Challenges and Potential for Africa South of the Sahara; Beyond a Middle Income Africa: Transforming African Economies for Sustained Growth with Rising Employment and Incomes. ReSAKSS Binswanger-Mkhize, H. (2009). Challenges and Opportunities for African Agriculture and Food Security; FAO Bayer. (n.d). Crop Farming Bit by Bit. Crop Science. Retrieved from https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/ stories/2014/digital-farming.aspx Biteye, M. (2016). 70% of Africans make a living through agriculture, and technology could transform their world. WEF Blog. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/05/70-of-africans-make-a-livingthrough-agriculture-and-technology-could-transform-their-world/ Brookings. (2016). Foresight Africa: Top priorities for the Continent. Retrieved form http://www.brookings. edu/research/reports2/2016/01/foresight-africa-top-priorities Buchana P. (2015 January 18). Gumaho digitizes milk sales. The News Times Publication. Retrieved from http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-01-18/185061/ CIO East Africa. (2014). ICT Joins the Fight Against Fraud in Agriculture. Retrieved from http://www.cio. co.ke/news/top-stories CSIRO. (n.d). Digital Agriculture. Research/Agriculture & Food. Retrieved from http://www.csiro.au/en/ Research/AF/Areas/Digital-agriculture Cooke, D. (2005). Fingerprinting plant killers. ICTUpdate Bulletin, Issue no. 24. Retrieved from http:// ictupdate.cta.int/Feature-Articles/Fingerprinting-plant-killers/%2882%29/1109345203 CTA. (2010). Cooperatives; ICT Update Bulletin. Retrieved from http://ictupdate.cta.int CTA (2012). Value chains; ICT Update Bulletin. Retrieved from http://ictupdate.cta.int CTA. (2013). The Agricultural Mobile Finance Revolution. ICT Update Bulletin, Issue 29; CTA 194 AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016
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AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 20
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FOREWORD Over the last decade, mill
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Africa Agricul
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ACRONYMS Africa Lead AAS AASR AATIF
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FMARD FSN FTF GACSA GAFSP GAIN GART
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SAKSS SBCC SCARDA SCM SDG SDI SI SM
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Introduction For decades, observers
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and changing food diets associated
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Table 1.2: Population growth of sel
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Figure 1.4: Changes in annual agric
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already occurring (Headey & Jayne,
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lease of customary land without the
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Hence, the pattern of trade illustr
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Table 1.4: Changes in farm structur
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of the pathway to food and nutritio
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Jayne, T. S., Chamberlin, J., Traub
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KEY MESSAGES ONE CAADP is an unpara
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Figure 2.1.Overview of the CAADP Im
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level. The success of ReSAKSS is be
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agricultural potential, alternative
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Table 2.1: Trends in selected CAADP
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poverty fell faster during this per
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expenditure (research, extension, i
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Table 2.4. Average annual change in
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captures the individual pathways of
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MA also has to be underpinned by lo
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References African Union. (2014). M
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Meenakshi, J.V., Johnson, N.L., Man
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KEY MESSAGES ONE TWO THREE FOUR Afr
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GDP declined by 1.4 percent in 2009
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from political violence, terrorism,
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interpretation is implied, this obs
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Differences in the African pattern
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Table 3.5: Trends in types of emplo
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that would likely affect the contri
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c. Concentration of farm structure
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a. Invest in education to upgrade t
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These could include policy measures
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References African Center for Econo
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Giller, K. E., Rowe, E. C., de Ridd
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Ndung’u, N. S. (2016). Viewpoint:
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World Bank. (2015). World developme
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KEY MESSAGES ONE Although sustainab
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BOX 4.1: Components of Sustainable
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of the world. These authors also re
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Further, Locatelli et al. (2008) ha
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Climate and Weather Variability The
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Resilience of livelihoods is determ
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While acknowledging successes of SI
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Entry Points For Sustainable Intens
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BOX 4.4: The CSA Compendium: A scie
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Successful interventions include fo
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Open data combined with agricultura
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According to Tshibaka (2014), evide
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References Abdulai, A., & Delgado,
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Enfors, E. (2013). Social-ecologica
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Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell,
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Toulmin, C., Leonard, R., Brock, K.
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KEY MESSAGES ONE In SSA, sustainabl
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Figure 5.1: Poverty traps framework
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Cereal Yield/Kilogram Per Hectare F
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Table 5.2: Correlation between fact
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Table 5.3: Farmer use of improved i
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Figure 5.9: Agricultural research s
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association is found for cereal out
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AGRA’s Experience The observation
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Increase access to affordable crop
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Sheahan, M., & Barrett, C. B. (2014
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KEY MESSAGES ONE Smallholder farmer
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transformation in Africa. The achie
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from agribusiness actors to smallho
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season, maize prices could be 270 p
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critical challenges and the solutio
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Limited access and high cost of acc
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of onion production in northern Gha
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Conclusions This chapter presents t
Page 155 and 156: Collins, D., Morduch, ,. J., Ruther
Page 157 and 158: Minot, N. (2014). Food price volati
Page 159 and 160: Weatherspoon, D. D., & Reardon, T.
Page 161 and 162: KEY MESSAGES ONE Access to finance
Page 163 and 164: esources into agriculture. This in
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.1: Indicative investments t
Page 167 and 168: technical knowledge about products.
Page 169 and 170: continue to experience inadequate a
Page 171 and 172: Box 7.1: GAFSP: Country Examples Rw
Page 173 and 174: Private Equity Association, total p
Page 175 and 176: drawing down assets, and 25 percent
Page 177 and 178: equires: recognition of the critica
Page 179 and 180: Policy Recommendations This review
Page 181 and 182: Meyer, R. L. (2015, March). Financi
Page 183 and 184: KEY MESSAGES ONE The African contin
Page 185 and 186: Figure 8.1: Mobile phone based serv
Page 187 and 188: high input costs, and a disconnecte
Page 189 and 190: available through less high-tech de
Page 191 and 192: Figure 8.4: Kenya leads the pack fo
Page 193 and 194: years and higher quality seeds are
Page 195 and 196: CASE STUDY FieldLook South Sudan in
Page 197 and 198: Rationale behind rapid adoption •
Page 199 and 200: CASE STUDY Eastern Africa Farmer Fe
Page 201 and 202: many others have none or have strin
Page 203 and 204: the strategic adoption of ICT with
Page 205: To address constraints to improving
Page 209 and 210: Gustafson, S. (27.1.2016). The Digi
Page 211 and 212: Wolfenson K. D. (2013). Coping with
Page 213 and 214: KEY MESSAGES ONE A guided evolution
Page 215 and 216: een registered over the last decade
Page 217 and 218: the AIS paradigm at policy and prog
Page 219 and 220: Box 9.2: Rwanda - A Phoenix Rising
Page 221 and 222: other supportive partners (tertiary
Page 223 and 224: Table 9.2: SSA AR4D funding through
Page 225 and 226: (e.g., NARIs, universities, NGOs, F
Page 227 and 228: Table 9.3: Number of extension agen
Page 229 and 230: the whole farm whereas the field sc
Page 231 and 232: approach, organizational or system
Page 233 and 234: CASE STUDY Regional Universities Fo
Page 235 and 236: CASE STUDY African Network for Agri
Page 237 and 238: CASE STUDY FAO—Tropical Agricultu
Page 239 and 240: Bizimana, C. (2014). Rwanda’s Ach
Page 241 and 242: Rwanda. Retrieved from http://www.m
Page 243 and 244: World Bank. (2007). Project Apprais
Page 245 and 246: KEY MESSAGES ONE The poverty rate a
Page 247 and 248: Table 10.1: Number of undernourishe
Page 249 and 250: Figure 10.6: Stunting in children u
Page 251 and 252: Why single out nutrition matters? A
Page 253 and 254: BOX 10.1: The 7 Malabo Declaration
Page 255 and 256: Reducing post-harvest losses FAO es
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BOX 10.4: Growing trend towards a m
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References African Union. (2015). T
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Schmidt, R. H., & Rodrick, G. E. (2
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“Africa is simply tired of being
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2025, tripling intra-African trade,
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towards agricultural transformation
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While agricultural research generat
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258 AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPOR
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Technical Notes The following conve
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Madagascar 72.6 72.3 72.1 71.8 71.2
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Madagascar 2.81 -15.28 6.54 2.19 1.
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Madagascar 351.1 337.2 332.9 323.7
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Madagascar 2,020 1,967 2,202 2,354
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Madagascar 86.0 84.2 87.3 91.8 103.
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Mali .. .. 52.0 15.7 17.5 31.1 22.5
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Madagascar -0.0053 -0.0075 0.0073 -
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Malawi 401.9 405.1 437.2 438.9 511.
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Madagascar 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6
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Madagascar 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.9 2.8 5.6
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Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
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Liberia 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.5
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