AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016

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Table 2.5. Average annual change in outcomes, by level of CAADP implementation reached by end of 2014 (%, 2003–2014) Level of CAADP implementation reached by 2014 Significant differences None/pre-compact (level 0) Compact (level 1) NAIP (level 2) 1 external funding (level 3) More than 1 external funding (level 4) Average annual percent change, 2003–2008 Agriculture expenditure (% of total expenditure) Agriculture expenditure (% of agricultural GDP) -8.30 4.23 3.03 8.85 5.84 10, 20, 30, 40 -1.20 12.63 6.12 8.65 9.73 10, 40 Land productivity 0.18 4.00 3.66 4.90 4.29 20, 30, 40 Labor productivity 0.54 2.37 2.73 3.06 4.18 40 Agricultural growth 0.37 4.29 3.83 5.69 4.96 20, 30, 40 GDP per capita 3.46 6.38 1.77 2.49 5.40 20, 40, 12, 13, 24, 34, 1234 Undernourished -1.35 -3.76 -6.59 -3.89 -6.58 20, 40 Average annual percent change, 2008–2014 Agriculture expenditure (% of total expenditure) Agriculture expenditure (% of agricultural GDP) -2.21 -9.28 6.81 -3.02 -0.23 10, 20, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 1234 -2.43 -16.07 11.98 -0.49 -3.19 10, 20, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 1234 Land productivity 2.14 8.13 1.89 3.67 5.50 10, 40, 12, 13, 24, 34, 1234 Labor productivity 3.27 2.94 1.38 2.02 4.79 14, 24, 34, 1234 Agricultural growth 2.48 4.74 2.45 4.46 5.78 40, 12, 14, 24, 1234 GDP per capita 1.26 2.86 1.43 2.40 3.31 10, 40, Undernourished -0.91 -3.35 -5.79 -3.23 -0.45 20, 30, 24 Average annual percent change, 2003–2014 Agriculture expenditure (% of total expenditure) Agriculture expenditure (% of agricultural GDP) -6.58 -4.69 7.07 2.50 1.53 20, 30, 40, 12, 24, -3.08 -5.65 10.59 3.87 1.30 20, 12, 13, 14, 1234 Land productivity 2.08 6.06 3.13 4.41 6.19 10, 30, 40, 12, 24, 1234 Labor productivity 2.89 2.66 2.47 2.74 5.50 40, 14, 24, 34, 1234 Agricultural growth 2.39 4.53 3.55 5.28 6.40 30, 40, 24, 1234 GDP per capita 2.24 4.06 1.37 2.48 3.94 10, 40, 12, 24, 34, 1234 Undernourished -1.19 -3.65 -6.83 -3.81 -2.92 20, 24 Source: Based on Benin (2016) AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016 37
captures the individual pathways of interest, in addition to a large panel data set. The evidence presented in Table 2.2 on the effects of different types of agriculture expenditure on different outcomes is indicative of the plausible links in the case CAADP. Overall, the results presented here make a strong case for sustaining and deepening the CAADP agenda and confirm the timeliness and strategic importance of the emphasis and ambitions embedded in the Malabo commitments. Raising Future CAADP Implementation Effectiveness With the progress achieved during the Maputo phase of CAADP, African countries have started to turn the page. The fact that African countries have effectively taken ownership and leadership of the CAADP agenda in the agricultural sector has been a significant development compared to earlier decades, as has the ability to maintain continued and consistent focus on the sector as a priority. Countries embracing peer review and inclusive dialogue are equally important developments. The above changes have created an environment for increased funding and improved policies which will continue to impact positively on future growth. The progress over the last decade, albeit encouraging, is nowhere close to making up for the lost decades of economic stagnation and decline experienced until the turn of the century. Many of the social indicators are just starting to improve, but achieving the ambitious goals of the Malabo Declaration will require that the positive changes achieved under Maputo be sustained and deepened in the decades to come. In terms of CAADP implementation, improvements are needed in four critical areas, as discussed in the following sections Strengthening Technical and Institutional Capacities During the first five years of CAADP implementation, AUC and NPCA (then the NEPAD Secretariat) were at the forefront of the technical debate around CAADP. The quality of the technical leadership provided by continental organizations made it possible to clarify the agenda and its implementation modalities to the large community of stakeholders across the continent. It also established its credibility in the eyes of a doubtful international community that, similar to the African side, had hitherto not experienced anything like the level of political leadership and ownership embodied in the NEPAD initiative, particularly in its early days. AUC and NPCA worked closely with regional and national knowledge centers to mobilize international and local expertise to technically guide the refinement and implementation of CAADP, paving the way for a successful transition from a framework document to operational programs on the ground. Key contributions in this area came from the institutions designated to lead and coordinate technical support under the CAADP pillars. The institutions produced pillar specific frameworks and action plans to guide implementation by countries and RECs 5 . They helped develop guidelines, mobilized qualified experts and coordinated the technical review of the first generation of investments plans. They set up an inter-pillar working group and designated regional liaison to work with their respective RECs to support countries. With the dismantling of the pillar institutions, CAADP suffered a double blow. First, if they had been allowed to further develop, the lead pillar institutions would by now have expanded their expertise and consolidated their technical convening power to help create greater implementation capacity at country level. Second, strong pillar institutions would have enabled continued, high quality African leadership of the technical debate around CAADP. In contrast, the period following the dismantling of pillar institutions has been characterized by a softening of the technical content of the agenda and by the striking absence of leading African knowledge institutions from the CAADP implementation process. The result has been a palpable loss of technical leadership of the CAADP agenda at the continental level and the absence of a strong knowledge infrastructure that could mobilize and, where necessary, enhance local expertise to create the required capacities for maximum effectiveness of the implementation process on the ground. The technical networks being planned present a great opportunity to again empower African centers of expertise, if they are given the room to self-organize and operate on purely technical grounds. The establishment of effective technical networks commensurate with the ambitions of Malabo would need to respond to critical questions such as: • What is the current status of the technical leadership of the CAADP agenda? • What is the technical robustness of technical documents being produced to guide implementation by countries and RECs and dialogue at critical fora such as the CAADP PP? • Does the quality of these documents and reports enhance the credibility of African institutions at large, as thought leaders around CAADP? 5 The Framework for African Agricultural Productivity (FARA, 2006); Framework for the Improvement of Rural Infrastructure and Trade-related Capacities for Market Access (AUC/NEPAD, 2008a); and Framework for African Food Security (AUC/ NEPAD, 2008b) 38 AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016
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Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD Over the last decade, mill
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Africa Agricul
Page 9 and 10: ACRONYMS Africa Lead AAS AASR AATIF
Page 11 and 12: FMARD FSN FTF GACSA GAFSP GAIN GART
Page 13 and 14: SAKSS SBCC SCARDA SCM SDG SDI SI SM
Page 15 and 16: Introduction For decades, observers
Page 17 and 18: and changing food diets associated
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.2: Population growth of sel
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1.4: Changes in annual agric
Page 23 and 24: already occurring (Headey & Jayne,
Page 25 and 26: lease of customary land without the
Page 27 and 28: Hence, the pattern of trade illustr
Page 29 and 30: Table 1.4: Changes in farm structur
Page 31 and 32: of the pathway to food and nutritio
Page 33 and 34: Jayne, T. S., Chamberlin, J., Traub
Page 35 and 36: KEY MESSAGES ONE CAADP is an unpara
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2.1.Overview of the CAADP Im
Page 39 and 40: level. The success of ReSAKSS is be
Page 41 and 42: agricultural potential, alternative
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.1: Trends in selected CAADP
Page 45 and 46: poverty fell faster during this per
Page 47 and 48: expenditure (research, extension, i
Page 49: Table 2.4. Average annual change in
Page 53 and 54: MA also has to be underpinned by lo
Page 55 and 56: References African Union. (2014). M
Page 57 and 58: Meenakshi, J.V., Johnson, N.L., Man
Page 59 and 60: KEY MESSAGES ONE TWO THREE FOUR Afr
Page 61 and 62: GDP declined by 1.4 percent in 2009
Page 63 and 64: from political violence, terrorism,
Page 65 and 66: interpretation is implied, this obs
Page 67 and 68: Differences in the African pattern
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.5: Trends in types of emplo
Page 71 and 72: that would likely affect the contri
Page 73 and 74: c. Concentration of farm structure
Page 75 and 76: a. Invest in education to upgrade t
Page 77 and 78: These could include policy measures
Page 79 and 80: References African Center for Econo
Page 81 and 82: Giller, K. E., Rowe, E. C., de Ridd
Page 83 and 84: Ndung’u, N. S. (2016). Viewpoint:
Page 85 and 86: World Bank. (2015). World developme
Page 87 and 88: KEY MESSAGES ONE Although sustainab
Page 89 and 90: BOX 4.1: Components of Sustainable
Page 91 and 92: of the world. These authors also re
Page 93 and 94: Further, Locatelli et al. (2008) ha
Page 95 and 96: Climate and Weather Variability The
Page 97 and 98: Resilience of livelihoods is determ
Page 99 and 100: While acknowledging successes of SI
Page 101 and 102:
Entry Points For Sustainable Intens
Page 103 and 104:
BOX 4.4: The CSA Compendium: A scie
Page 105 and 106:
Successful interventions include fo
Page 107 and 108:
Open data combined with agricultura
Page 109 and 110:
According to Tshibaka (2014), evide
Page 111 and 112:
References Abdulai, A., & Delgado,
Page 113 and 114:
Enfors, E. (2013). Social-ecologica
Page 115 and 116:
Lipper, L., Thornton, P., Campbell,
Page 117 and 118:
Toulmin, C., Leonard, R., Brock, K.
Page 119 and 120:
KEY MESSAGES ONE In SSA, sustainabl
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 5.1: Poverty traps framework
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Cereal Yield/Kilogram Per Hectare F
Page 125 and 126:
Table 5.2: Correlation between fact
Page 127 and 128:
Table 5.3: Farmer use of improved i
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 5.9: Agricultural research s
Page 131 and 132:
association is found for cereal out
Page 133 and 134:
AGRA’s Experience The observation
Page 135 and 136:
Increase access to affordable crop
Page 137 and 138:
Sheahan, M., & Barrett, C. B. (2014
Page 139 and 140:
KEY MESSAGES ONE Smallholder farmer
Page 141 and 142:
transformation in Africa. The achie
Page 143 and 144:
from agribusiness actors to smallho
Page 145 and 146:
season, maize prices could be 270 p
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critical challenges and the solutio
Page 149 and 150:
Limited access and high cost of acc
Page 151 and 152:
of onion production in northern Gha
Page 153 and 154:
Conclusions This chapter presents t
Page 155 and 156:
Collins, D., Morduch, ,. J., Ruther
Page 157 and 158:
Minot, N. (2014). Food price volati
Page 159 and 160:
Weatherspoon, D. D., & Reardon, T.
Page 161 and 162:
KEY MESSAGES ONE Access to finance
Page 163 and 164:
esources into agriculture. This in
Page 165 and 166:
Table 7.1: Indicative investments t
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technical knowledge about products.
Page 169 and 170:
continue to experience inadequate a
Page 171 and 172:
Box 7.1: GAFSP: Country Examples Rw
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Private Equity Association, total p
Page 175 and 176:
drawing down assets, and 25 percent
Page 177 and 178:
equires: recognition of the critica
Page 179 and 180:
Policy Recommendations This review
Page 181 and 182:
Meyer, R. L. (2015, March). Financi
Page 183 and 184:
KEY MESSAGES ONE The African contin
Page 185 and 186:
Figure 8.1: Mobile phone based serv
Page 187 and 188:
high input costs, and a disconnecte
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available through less high-tech de
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 8.4: Kenya leads the pack fo
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years and higher quality seeds are
Page 195 and 196:
CASE STUDY FieldLook South Sudan in
Page 197 and 198:
Rationale behind rapid adoption •
Page 199 and 200:
CASE STUDY Eastern Africa Farmer Fe
Page 201 and 202:
many others have none or have strin
Page 203 and 204:
the strategic adoption of ICT with
Page 205 and 206:
To address constraints to improving
Page 207 and 208:
References Accenture. (2015). Digit
Page 209 and 210:
Gustafson, S. (27.1.2016). The Digi
Page 211 and 212:
Wolfenson K. D. (2013). Coping with
Page 213 and 214:
KEY MESSAGES ONE A guided evolution
Page 215 and 216:
een registered over the last decade
Page 217 and 218:
the AIS paradigm at policy and prog
Page 219 and 220:
Box 9.2: Rwanda - A Phoenix Rising
Page 221 and 222:
other supportive partners (tertiary
Page 223 and 224:
Table 9.2: SSA AR4D funding through
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(e.g., NARIs, universities, NGOs, F
Page 227 and 228:
Table 9.3: Number of extension agen
Page 229 and 230:
the whole farm whereas the field sc
Page 231 and 232:
approach, organizational or system
Page 233 and 234:
CASE STUDY Regional Universities Fo
Page 235 and 236:
CASE STUDY African Network for Agri
Page 237 and 238:
CASE STUDY FAO—Tropical Agricultu
Page 239 and 240:
Bizimana, C. (2014). Rwanda’s Ach
Page 241 and 242:
Rwanda. Retrieved from http://www.m
Page 243 and 244:
World Bank. (2007). Project Apprais
Page 245 and 246:
KEY MESSAGES ONE The poverty rate a
Page 247 and 248:
Table 10.1: Number of undernourishe
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 10.6: Stunting in children u
Page 251 and 252:
Why single out nutrition matters? A
Page 253 and 254:
BOX 10.1: The 7 Malabo Declaration
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Reducing post-harvest losses FAO es
Page 257 and 258:
BOX 10.4: Growing trend towards a m
Page 259 and 260:
References African Union. (2015). T
Page 261 and 262:
Schmidt, R. H., & Rodrick, G. E. (2
Page 263 and 264:
“Africa is simply tired of being
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2025, tripling intra-African trade,
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towards agricultural transformation
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While agricultural research generat
Page 271 and 272:
258 AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPOR
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Technical Notes The following conve
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Madagascar 72.6 72.3 72.1 71.8 71.2
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Madagascar 2.81 -15.28 6.54 2.19 1.
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Madagascar 351.1 337.2 332.9 323.7
Page 281 and 282:
Madagascar 2,020 1,967 2,202 2,354
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Madagascar 86.0 84.2 87.3 91.8 103.
Page 285 and 286:
Mali .. .. 52.0 15.7 17.5 31.1 22.5
Page 287 and 288:
Madagascar -0.0053 -0.0075 0.0073 -
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Malawi 401.9 405.1 437.2 438.9 511.
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Madagascar 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6
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Madagascar 0.9 1.0 1.6 1.9 2.8 5.6
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Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Page 297:
Liberia 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.5
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AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016

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