Malawi 2015-16

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Postpartum amenorrhoea refers to the interval between childbirth and the return of menstruation. The length and intensity of breastfeeding influence the duration of amenorrhoea, which offers protection from conception. Postpartum abstinence is the period between childbirth and the time when a woman resumes sexual activity. Almost all women are insusceptible to pregnancy during the first 2 months after a birth. Continued postpartum amenorrhoea and abstinence from sexual intercourse may protect women from pregnancy for longer periods. Among births in the 3 years before the survey, the median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea is 9.8 months, while the median duration of abstinence from sexual intercourse is 4.1 months after giving birth. Women are insusceptible to pregnancy after childbirth for a median of 12.3 months (Table 5.6). Trends: Since 2000, the median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea, abstinence, and insusceptibility has steadily declined. For instance, from 2000 to 2015-16, the median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea declined from 12.7 months to 9.8. The median duration of abstinence also declined from 5.8 months in 2000 to 4.1 months in 2015-16. During this same period, median duration for postpartum insusceptibility fell from 14.5 to 12.3 months. Patterns by background characteristics • Older women have a longer duration of postpartum amenorrhoea: 12.7 months among women age 30- 49 versus 7.7 months among women age 15-29 (Table 5.7). However, older women have a similar duration of postpartum abstinence as younger women (4.2 and 4 months, respectively). • Rural women remain amenorrhoeic much longer than urban women (10.6 versus 3.9 months). The duration of postpartum abstinence is also longer among rural than urban women (4.2 months and 3.4 months, respectively). Menopause Women are considered to have reached menopause if they are neither pregnant nor postpartum amenorrheic and have not had a menstrual period in the 6 months before the survey, or if they report being menopausal. Sample: Women age 30-49 Women who have reached menopause are no longer able to become pregnant. About 12% of women age 30-49 are menopausal. The percentage of menopausal women increases with age, rising from 6% among women age 30-34 to 50% among women age 48-49 (Table 5.8). 72 • Fertility
5.5 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH Median age at first birth Age by which half of women have had their first child. Sample: Women age 20-49 and 25-49 The median age at first birth among women age 20-49 and 25-49 in Malawi is 19.1 and 19 years, respectively (Table 5.9). The median age at first birth has changed little over the last two decades. Among women age 25-49, for example, the median age at first birth was 18.9 years in 1992 and is 19 in 2015-16. Patterns by background characteristics • Women age 25-49 in urban areas have their first birth, on average, 1 year later than women in rural areas (19.9 years versus 18.9 years) (Table 5.10). • The median age at first birth ranges from 18.6 years among women age 25-49 in the Southern region to 19.5 among women in the Central region. Figure 5.5 Median age at birth by education Median age at first birth among women age 25-49 18.6 18.6 20.7 24.9 • The median age at first birth increases from 18.6 years among women age 25-49 with no education or primary education only to 24.9 years among women with more than secondary education (Figure 5.5). No education Primary Secondary More than secondary 5.6 TEENAGE CHILDBEARING AND SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOURS BEFORE AGE 15 Teenage childbearing Percentage of women age 15-19 who have given birth or are pregnant with their first child. Sample: Women age 15-19 5.6.1 Teenage Childbearing In Malawi, 29% of women age 15-19 have begun childbearing; 22% have had a live birth and 7% are pregnant with first child (Table 5.11). Trends: Teenage childbearing generally declined between 1992 (35%) and 2010 (26%) before increasing slightly in 2015-16 (29%). Patterns by background characteristics • Teenage childbearing increases with age. The percentage of women age 15-19 who have begun childbearing rises from 5% among women age 15 to 59% among women age 19 (Table 5.11). • In rural areas, 31% of women age 15-19 have begun childbearing, compared with 21% in urban areas. Fertility • 73
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Malawi Demographic and Health Surve
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The 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and
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4.3 Age at First Marriage .........
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13.9.1 Knowledge ..................
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TABLES AND FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION A
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6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ...........
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11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN
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Figure 14.1 HIV prevalence by age .
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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FOREWORD T he 2016-16 Malawi Demogr
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LA LAM LLIN LPG MAD MDHS MICS PPHC
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Example 2: Prevalence and Treatment
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Example 3: Understanding Sampling W
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xxxii • Map of Malawi
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The information collected in the 20
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ecorded on the Biomarker Questionna
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1.5 PRETEST The pretest for the 201
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HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND 2 HOUSE
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About half of Malawian households (
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A total of 117,177 individuals stay
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Patterns by background characterist
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school. The attendance rate decline
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Table 2.3 Household sanitation faci
Page 55 and 56: Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles Percent
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.9 Household composition Per
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.11 Children’s living arra
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.12.2 Educational attainment
Page 63 and 64: Table 2.14.1 Child functioning and
Page 65 and 66: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Ke
Page 67 and 68: • Women and men living in urban a
Page 69 and 70: Women and men are most commonly emp
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.1 Background characteristic
Page 73 and 74: Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women P
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Wome
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women Perce
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women
Page 83 and 84: Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women
Page 85 and 86: Table 3.11 Average number of cigare
Page 87: Table 3.13.2 Knowledge and attitude
Page 90 and 91: Figure 4.1 Marital status Percent d
Page 92 and 93: marriage. The median age at first i
Page 94 and 95: Table 4.1 Current marital status Pe
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.3 Age at first marriage Per
Page 98 and 99: Table 4.5 Age at first sexual inter
Page 100 and 101: Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 103 and 104: FERTILITY 5 Key Findings Total
Page 105: 5.3 BIRTH INTERVALS Median birth in
Page 109 and 110: LIST OF TABLES For more information
Page 111 and 112: Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhea, ab
Page 115: Table 5.10 Median age at first birt
Page 118 and 119: Trends: The percentage of currently
Page 120 and 121: Trends: Since 1992, the proportion
Page 122 and 123: Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by
Page 124 and 125: Table 6.3 Ideal number of children
Page 126 and 127: Table 6.5 Fertility planning status
Page 128 and 129: Overall, the contraceptive prevalen
Page 130 and 131: Nearly 8 in 10 (79%) of all modern
Page 132 and 133: Seventy-eight percent of currently
Page 134 and 135: the survey (Table 7.16). Ten percen
Page 136 and 137: Table 7.3 Current use of contracept
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.7 Informed choice Among cur
Page 140 and 141: Table 7.12.1 Need and demand for fa
Page 142 and 143: Table 7.13 Decision-making about fa
Page 144 and 145: Table 7.16 Contact of nonusers with
Page 146 and 147: • Any method of measuring childho
Page 148 and 149: Patterns by background characterist
Page 150 and 151: Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
Page 152 and 153: Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
Page 154 and 155: 9.1 ANTENATAL CARE COVERAGE AND CON
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Trends: Since 1992, the rates of C-
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9.7 PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CA
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Table 9.3 Components of antenatal c
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Table 9.5 Place of delivery Percent
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Table 9.7 Caesarean section Percent
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Table 9.10 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.12 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.14 Pregnancy outcomes Perce
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Table 9.16 Problems in accessing he
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childhood death. In the 2015-16 MDH
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• Vaccination coverage generally
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of giving the same or more food to
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Table 10.1 Child’s size and weigh
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Table 10.3 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.7 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.9 Oral rehydration therapy
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Table 10.11 Disposal of children’
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which the baby’s weight to be dis
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11.2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
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have shown that plant-based complem
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11.3 ANAEMIA PREVALENCE IN CHILDREN
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Information on BMI is presented in
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Table 11.1 Nutritional status of ch
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Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status acc
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Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 11.7 Prevalence of anaemia in
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Table 11.9 Micronutrient intake amo
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Table 11.11 Nutritional status of w
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Table 11.13 Micronutrient intake am
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The ownership and use of both treat
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12.3 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS AND USE OF IT
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SP during routine ANC visits. Follo
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Trends: The percentage of children
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Table 12.3 Indoor residual spraying
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Table 12.7 Use of existing ITNs Per
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Table 12.11 Prevalence, diagnosis,
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Table 12.13 Type of antimalarial dr
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, 13 ATTI
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avoid getting HIV; 64% of women and
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Only 1% of all women reported havin
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Forty-two percent of women and 41%
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13.9.3 Premarital Sex The 2015-16 M
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Table 13.1 Knowledge of HIV prevent
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Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes
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Table 13.5.2 Multiple sexual partne
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Table 13.7.1 Coverage of prior HIV
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Table 13.8 Pregnant women counselle
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Table 13.10 Self-reported prevalenc
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Table 13.13 Premarital sexual inter
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Table 13.14.2 Multiple sexual partn
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HIV PREVALENCE 14 Key Findings HIV
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The HIV prevalence among women and
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Table 14.1 Coverage of HIV testing
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Table 14.3 HIV prevalence according
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Table 14.5 HIV prevalence according
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Table 14.7 HIV prevalence among you
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Table 14.11 HIV prevalence by male
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 15 Key
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Trends: Table 15.3 shows the probab
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Table 15.1 Completeness of informat
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 16 Key Findin
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husbands while smaller proportions
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5% participate in neither decisions
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from 78% to 74%. The percentage of
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16.16 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE BY W
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Table 16.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 16.4.1 Ownership of assets: W
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Table 16.5.2 Ownership of title or
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Table 16.7.1 Ownership and use of b
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Table 16.9.2 Men’s participation
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Table 16.10.2 Attitude toward wife
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Table 16.12 Ability to negotiate se
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Table 16.16 Reproductive health car
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harassment.” Most recently, the M
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• The experience of physical viol
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• Women’s experience of at leas
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women to have ever experienced spou
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• Women in urban areas are about
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Table 17.1 Experience of physical v
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Table 17.3 Persons committing physi
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Table 17.5 Age at first experience
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Table 17.9 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 17.11 Spousal violence accord
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Table 17.13 Experience of spousal v
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Table 17.16 Violence by women again
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Table 17.18 Sources for help to sto
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World Health Organization (WHO) and
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Table A-2.3 Household sanitation fa
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Table A-2.7 Hand washing: Districts
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Table A-2.11 Children’s living ar
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Table A-2.12.2 Educational attainme
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Table A-3.2.1 Educational attainmen
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Table A-3.3.1 Literacy: Women by di
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Table A-3.4.1 Exposure to mass medi
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Table A-3.5.1 Internet usage: Women
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Table A-3.6.1 Employment status: Wo
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Table A-3.7.1 Occupation: Women by
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-3.8.3 Continuity of employm
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Table A-3.13.1 Knowledge and attitu
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CHAPTER 4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIV
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Table A-4.4 Median age at first mar
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Table A-4.7.1 Recent sexual activit
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CHAPTER 5 FERTILITY Table A-5.2 Fer
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Table A-5.10 Median age at first bi
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CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES Tab
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CHAPTER 7 FAMILY PLANNING Table A-7
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Table A-7.13 Decision-making about
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Table A-7.16 Contact of nonusers wi
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CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE Tabl
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Table A-9.4 Tetanus toxoid injectio
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Table A-9.6 Assistance during deliv
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Table A-9.9 Timing of first postnat
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Table A-9.11 Timing of first postna
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Table A-9.13 Content of postnatal c
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Table A-9.15 Prevalence of obstetri
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CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH Table A-10.
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Table A-10.4 Possession and observa
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Table A-10.6 Prevalence and treatme
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Table A-10.8 Feeding practices duri
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Table A-10.10 Knowledge of ORS pack
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CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AN
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Table A-11.2 Initial breastfeeding:
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Table A-11.7 Prevalence of anaemia
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Table A-11.9 Micronutrient intake a
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Table A-11.11 Nutritional status of
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Table A-11.13 Micronutrient intake
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Table A-12.2 Source of mosquito net
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Table A-12.6 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.8 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.10 Use of Intermittent P
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Table A-12.14 Haemoglobin
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Table A-13.4 Discriminatory attitud
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Table A-13.5.2 Multiple sexual part
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Table A-13.7.1 Coverage of prior HI
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Table A-13.8 Pregnant women counsel
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Table A-13.10 Self-reported prevale
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Table A-13.12 Age at first sexual i
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Table A-13.14.1 Multiple sexual par
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CHAPTER 14 HIV PREVALENCE Table A-1
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Table A-14.3 HIV prevalence: Distri
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CHAPTER 16 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT Ta
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Table A-16.4.1 Ownership of assets:
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Table A-16.5.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.6.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.7.1 Ownership and use of
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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Table A-16.10.1 Attitude toward wif
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Table A-16.11 Attitudes toward nego
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CHAPTER 17 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Table
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Table A-17.4 Experience of sexual v
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Table A-17.10 Spousal violence: Dis
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Table A-17.15 Violence by women aga
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SAMPLE DESIGN Appendix B B.1 INTROD
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two-stage stratified cluster sample
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Table B.1 Distribution of residenti
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Table B.4 Sample allocation of comp
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Table B.6 Sample implementation: Me
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Table B.8 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table B.10 Coverage of HIV testing
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table C.2 Sampling errors: Total sa
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Table C.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.6 Sampling errors: Central
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Table C.8 Sampling errors: Chitipa
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Table C.10 Sampling errors: Nkhatab
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Table C.12 Sampling errors: Mzimba
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Table C.14 Sampling errors: Kasungu
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Table C.16 Sampling errors: Ntchisi
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Table C.18 Sampling errors: Salima
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Table C.20 Sampling errors: Mchinji
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Table C.22 Sampling errors: Ntcheu
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Table C.24 Sampling errors: Maching
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Table C.26 Sampling errors: Chiradz
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Table C.28 Sampling errors: Mwanza
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Table C.30 Sampling errors: Mulanje
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Table C.32 Sampling errors: Chikwaw
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Table C.34 Sampling errors: Balaka
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Table C.36 Sampling errors for adul
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Table D.2.1 Age distribution of eli
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Table D.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table D.7 Nutritional status of chi
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SURVEY PERSONNEL Appendix E 2015-16
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Team Leaders Benson Mvula Grossveno
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Ireen Yohane Chisomo Mkwapatira Des
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2015-2016 MALAWI DEMOGRAPHIC AND HE
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INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello. My
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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MOSQUITO NETS NET #1 NET #2 NET #3
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ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTIC
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200 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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300 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILITY (A
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ELIGIBILITY AND CONSENT FOR THE MIC
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREM
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HIV TESTING FOR MEN AGE 15-54 301 C
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION NO. QUESTI
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SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITI
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SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS SECTION 1
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 11. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES NO.
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SECTION MM. MATERNAL MORTALITY MODU
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SECTION 13. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODUL
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INSTRUCTIONS: COL. 1 COL. 2 ONLY ON
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 6. EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER RO
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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MALAWI GOVERNEMNT NATIONAL STATISTI
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Malawi 2015-16

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