Malawi 2015-16

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16.13 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT INDICATORS Women’s empowerment indicators Two sets of empowerment indicators, women’s participation in making household decisions and women’s attitudes towards wife beating, can be summarized with two indices. The first index shows the number of decisions in which women participate either alone or jointly with their husband or partner. This index ranges from 0 to 3 and reflects the degree of decision-making control that women are able to exercise in areas that affect their lives and the level of women’s empowerment in a society. The second index, which ranges from 0 to 5, is the number of reasons for which a woman thinks that a husband is justified in beating his wife. A lower score on this indicator reflects a higher status of women in the household and society. Sample: Women age 15-49 It is expected that women who participate in more decisions within the household will be less likely to endorse wife beating. In Malawi, the percentage of women who disagree with wife beating under any circumstance is highest among those who participate in all three household decisions (87%). In contrast, women who do not participate in any decisions and those who participate in one or two decisions have similar levels of support for wife beating (82% and 81%, respectively). It is expected that women who more strongly endorse wife beating will be less likely to be involved in household decision making. Women who agree with wife beating in one or more situations (between 39% and 42%) are less likely to participate in household decision making than women who disagree with wife beating (48%) (Table 16.13). 16.14 CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY WOMAN’S EMPOWERMENT STATUS A woman’s desire and ability to control her fertility and her choice of contraceptive methods are affected by her status in the household and her own sense of empowerment. A woman who is unable to control other aspects of her life may be less able to make decisions about her fertility. She may also need to choose contraceptive methods that are less obvious or do not require the approval or knowledge of her husband. Participation in household decisions is positively associated with contraceptive use. As the number of decisions in which a woman participates increases, so does the use of any contraception, including any modern contraception. The data show that participation in one to two household decisions indicates a noticeable increase in the likelihood the woman will use contraception. However, the relationship between agreement with wife beating and contraceptive use is less clear (Table 16.14). 16.15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND IDEAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND UNMET NEED FOR THE FAMILY A woman who becomes more empowered is more likely to have a say in the number of children (ideal family size) she desires and the time at which she has her children. She has more control over her ability to access and use contraceptives and to space and limit her family size. Women who participate in household decision making have a lower ideal number of children and less unmet need, both for spacing and limiting, than women who do not participate in household decisions. Similarly, women who do not justify wife beating also have a lower ideal number of children and less unmet need than women who agree with wife beating (Table 16.15). 260 • Women’s Empowerment
16.16 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE BY WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT Empowered women are more likely to be able to seek and use health services to meet their reproductive health goals, including safe motherhood. The relationship between the women’s empowerment indices and the use of maternal health care is not linear however. In general, women who measure the most empowered on each index are more likely to have received maternal health care. For example, 45% of women who participated in all household decisions receive a postnatal check in the first 2 days after birth compared with 40% among women who participate in no decisions (Table 16.16). 16.17 EARLY CHILDHOOD MORTALITY RATES BY WOMEN’S STATUS The ability of women to access information, make decisions, and act effectively in their own interests or in the interests of those who depend on them is essential to their empowerment. If women, the primary caretakers of children, are empowered, the health and survival of their children will also be enhanced. The results do not follow the expected pattern. In some instances, it appears that women’s agreement with wife beating indicates a higher risk for child mortality. For example, child mortality and under-five mortality is highest for children of women who justify wife beating in all five of the specified situations (Table 16.17). LIST OF TABLES For detailed information on women’s empowerment and demographic and health outcomes, see the following tables: • Table 16.1 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men • Table 16.2.1 Control over women’s cash earnings and relative magnitude of women’s cash earnings • Table 16.2.2 Control over men’s cash earnings • Table 16.3 Women’s control over their own earnings and over those of their husbands • Table 16.4.1 Ownership of assets: Women • Table 16.4.2 Ownership of assets: Men • Table 16.5.1 Ownership of title or deed for house: Women • Table 16.5.2 Ownership of title or deed for house: Men • Table 16.6.1 Ownership of title or deed for land: Women • Table 16.6.2 Ownership of title or deed for land: Men • Table 16.7.1 Ownership and use of bank accounts and mobile phones: Women • Table 16.7.2 Ownership and use of bank accounts and mobile phones: Men • Table 16.8 Participation in decision making • Table 16.9.1 Women’s participation in decision making by background characteristics • Table 16.9.2 Men’s participation in decision making by background characteristics • Table 16.10.1 Attitude toward wife beating: Women • Table 16.10.2 Attitude toward wife beating: Men • Table 16.11 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband • Table 16.12 Ability to negotiate sexual relations with husband • Table 16.13 Indicators of women’s empowerment • Table 16.14 Current use of contraception by women’s empowerment • Table 16.15 Ideal number of children and unmet need for family planning by women’s empowerment • Table 16.16 Reproductive health care by women’s empowerment • Table 16.17 Early childhood mortality rates by indicators of women’s empowerment Women’s Empowerment • 261
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Malawi Demographic and Health Surve
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The 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and
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4.3 Age at First Marriage .........
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13.9.1 Knowledge ..................
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TABLES AND FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION A
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6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ...........
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11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN
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Figure 14.1 HIV prevalence by age .
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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FOREWORD T he 2016-16 Malawi Demogr
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LA LAM LLIN LPG MAD MDHS MICS PPHC
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Example 2: Prevalence and Treatment
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Example 3: Understanding Sampling W
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xxxii • Map of Malawi
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The information collected in the 20
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ecorded on the Biomarker Questionna
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1.5 PRETEST The pretest for the 201
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HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND 2 HOUSE
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About half of Malawian households (
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A total of 117,177 individuals stay
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Patterns by background characterist
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school. The attendance rate decline
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Table 2.3 Household sanitation faci
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Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles Percent
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Table 2.9 Household composition Per
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Table 2.11 Children’s living arra
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Table 2.12.2 Educational attainment
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Table 2.14.1 Child functioning and
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Ke
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• Women and men living in urban a
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Women and men are most commonly emp
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Table 3.1 Background characteristic
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women P
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Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Wome
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Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women Perce
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Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women
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Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women
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Table 3.11 Average number of cigare
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Table 3.13.2 Knowledge and attitude
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Figure 4.1 Marital status Percent d
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marriage. The median age at first i
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Table 4.1 Current marital status Pe
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Table 4.3 Age at first marriage Per
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Table 4.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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FERTILITY 5 Key Findings Total
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5.3 BIRTH INTERVALS Median birth in
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5.5 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH Median age a
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LIST OF TABLES For more information
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Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific
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Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhea, ab
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Table 5.10 Median age at first birt
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Trends: The percentage of currently
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Trends: Since 1992, the proportion
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Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by
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Table 6.3 Ideal number of children
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Table 6.5 Fertility planning status
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Overall, the contraceptive prevalen
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Nearly 8 in 10 (79%) of all modern
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Seventy-eight percent of currently
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the survey (Table 7.16). Ten percen
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Table 7.3 Current use of contracept
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Table 7.7 Informed choice Among cur
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Table 7.12.1 Need and demand for fa
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Table 7.13 Decision-making about fa
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Table 7.16 Contact of nonusers with
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• Any method of measuring childho
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
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9.1 ANTENATAL CARE COVERAGE AND CON
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Trends: Since 1992, the rates of C-
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9.7 PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CA
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Table 9.3 Components of antenatal c
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Table 9.5 Place of delivery Percent
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Table 9.7 Caesarean section Percent
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Table 9.10 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.12 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.14 Pregnancy outcomes Perce
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Table 9.16 Problems in accessing he
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childhood death. In the 2015-16 MDH
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• Vaccination coverage generally
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of giving the same or more food to
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Table 10.1 Child’s size and weigh
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Table 10.3 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.7 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.9 Oral rehydration therapy
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Table 10.11 Disposal of children’
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which the baby’s weight to be dis
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11.2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
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have shown that plant-based complem
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11.3 ANAEMIA PREVALENCE IN CHILDREN
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Information on BMI is presented in
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Table 11.1 Nutritional status of ch
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Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status acc
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Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 11.7 Prevalence of anaemia in
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Table 11.9 Micronutrient intake amo
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Table 11.11 Nutritional status of w
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Table 11.13 Micronutrient intake am
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The ownership and use of both treat
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12.3 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS AND USE OF IT
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SP during routine ANC visits. Follo
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Trends: The percentage of children
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Table 12.3 Indoor residual spraying
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Table 12.7 Use of existing ITNs Per
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Table 12.11 Prevalence, diagnosis,
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Table 12.13 Type of antimalarial dr
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, 13 ATTI
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avoid getting HIV; 64% of women and
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Only 1% of all women reported havin
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Page 243 and 244: Forty-two percent of women and 41%
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Page 263 and 264: HIV PREVALENCE 14 Key Findings HIV
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Page 267 and 268: Patterns by background characterist
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Page 309 and 310: Table 16.12 Ability to negotiate se
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Table A-2.7 Hand washing: Districts
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Table A-2.11 Children’s living ar
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Table A-2.12.2 Educational attainme
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Table A-3.2.1 Educational attainmen
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Table A-3.3.1 Literacy: Women by di
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Table A-3.4.1 Exposure to mass medi
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Table A-3.5.1 Internet usage: Women
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Table A-3.6.1 Employment status: Wo
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Table A-3.7.1 Occupation: Women by
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-3.8.3 Continuity of employm
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Table A-3.13.1 Knowledge and attitu
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CHAPTER 4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIV
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Table A-4.4 Median age at first mar
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Table A-4.7.1 Recent sexual activit
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CHAPTER 5 FERTILITY Table A-5.2 Fer
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Table A-5.10 Median age at first bi
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CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES Tab
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CHAPTER 7 FAMILY PLANNING Table A-7
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Table A-7.13 Decision-making about
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Table A-7.16 Contact of nonusers wi
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CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE Tabl
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Table A-9.4 Tetanus toxoid injectio
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Table A-9.6 Assistance during deliv
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Table A-9.9 Timing of first postnat
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Table A-9.11 Timing of first postna
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Table A-9.13 Content of postnatal c
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Table A-9.15 Prevalence of obstetri
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CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH Table A-10.
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Table A-10.4 Possession and observa
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Table A-10.6 Prevalence and treatme
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Table A-10.8 Feeding practices duri
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Table A-10.10 Knowledge of ORS pack
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CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AN
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Table A-11.2 Initial breastfeeding:
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Table A-11.7 Prevalence of anaemia
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Table A-11.9 Micronutrient intake a
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Table A-11.11 Nutritional status of
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Table A-11.13 Micronutrient intake
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Table A-12.2 Source of mosquito net
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Table A-12.6 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.8 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.10 Use of Intermittent P
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Table A-12.14 Haemoglobin
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Table A-13.4 Discriminatory attitud
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Table A-13.5.2 Multiple sexual part
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Table A-13.7.1 Coverage of prior HI
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Table A-13.8 Pregnant women counsel
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Table A-13.10 Self-reported prevale
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Table A-13.12 Age at first sexual i
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Table A-13.14.1 Multiple sexual par
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CHAPTER 14 HIV PREVALENCE Table A-1
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Table A-14.3 HIV prevalence: Distri
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CHAPTER 16 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT Ta
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Table A-16.4.1 Ownership of assets:
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Table A-16.5.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.6.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.7.1 Ownership and use of
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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Table A-16.10.1 Attitude toward wif
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Table A-16.11 Attitudes toward nego
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CHAPTER 17 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Table
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Table A-17.4 Experience of sexual v
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Table A-17.10 Spousal violence: Dis
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Table A-17.15 Violence by women aga
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SAMPLE DESIGN Appendix B B.1 INTROD
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two-stage stratified cluster sample
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Table B.1 Distribution of residenti
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Table B.4 Sample allocation of comp
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Table B.6 Sample implementation: Me
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Table B.8 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table B.10 Coverage of HIV testing
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table C.2 Sampling errors: Total sa
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Table C.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.6 Sampling errors: Central
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Table C.8 Sampling errors: Chitipa
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Table C.10 Sampling errors: Nkhatab
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Table C.12 Sampling errors: Mzimba
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Table C.14 Sampling errors: Kasungu
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Table C.16 Sampling errors: Ntchisi
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Table C.18 Sampling errors: Salima
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Table C.20 Sampling errors: Mchinji
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Table C.22 Sampling errors: Ntcheu
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Table C.24 Sampling errors: Maching
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Table C.26 Sampling errors: Chiradz
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Table C.28 Sampling errors: Mwanza
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Table C.30 Sampling errors: Mulanje
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Table C.32 Sampling errors: Chikwaw
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Table C.34 Sampling errors: Balaka
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Table C.36 Sampling errors for adul
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Table D.2.1 Age distribution of eli
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Table D.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table D.7 Nutritional status of chi
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SURVEY PERSONNEL Appendix E 2015-16
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Team Leaders Benson Mvula Grossveno
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Ireen Yohane Chisomo Mkwapatira Des
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2015-2016 MALAWI DEMOGRAPHIC AND HE
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INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello. My
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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MOSQUITO NETS NET #1 NET #2 NET #3
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ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTIC
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200 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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300 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILITY (A
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ELIGIBILITY AND CONSENT FOR THE MIC
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREM
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HIV TESTING FOR MEN AGE 15-54 301 C
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION NO. QUESTI
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SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITI
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SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS SECTION 1
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 11. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES NO.
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SECTION MM. MATERNAL MORTALITY MODU
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SECTION 13. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODUL
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INSTRUCTIONS: COL. 1 COL. 2 ONLY ON
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 6. EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER RO
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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MALAWI GOVERNEMNT NATIONAL STATISTI
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Malawi 2015-16

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