Malawi 2015-16

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Table A-11.2 Initial breastfeeding: Districts Among last-born children who were born in the 2 years before the survey, percentage who were ever breastfed and percentages who started breastfeeding within one hour and within one day of birth; and among last-born children born in the 2 years before the survey who were ever breastfed, the percentage who received a prelacteal feed, according to district, Malawi DHS 2015-16 District Percentage ever breastfed Among last-born children born in the past 2 years: Percentage who started breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth Percentage who started breastfeeding within 1 day of birth 1 Number of lastborn children Among last-born children born in the past 2 years who were ever breastfed: Percentage who received a prelacteal feed 2 Number of lastborn children ever breastfed Northern Chitipa 99.2 85.3 97.2 68 3.5 67 Karonga 99.5 78.6 99.2 126 1.0 126 Likoma 97.7 70.3 97.2 4 2.8 4 Mzimba 97.4 80.6 97.1 392 4.3 382 Nkhata Bay 99.1 80.5 98.0 90 1.7 89 Rumphi 98.1 75.8 94.9 87 5.1 85 Total 98.2 80.1 97.3 767 3.5 753 Central Dedza 98.1 75.2 94.9 287 2.6 282 Dowa 99.2 82.5 97.7 271 4.1 269 Kasungu 94.0 67.7 91.7 285 2.4 268 Lilongwe 98.1 58.8 96.8 968 2.7 949 Mchinji 97.3 76.1 95.3 211 2.0 205 Nkhotakota 97.5 81.4 96.7 171 1.7 167 Ntcheu 98.3 85.0 97.6 277 1.2 273 Ntchisi 99.5 90.7 99.5 132 0.7 131 Salima 98.8 73.2 97.4 223 1.8 220 Total 97.8 71.5 96.3 2,826 2.4 2,765 Southern Balaka 99.0 87.2 98.3 173 1.5 171 Blantyre 97.9 65.8 93.7 475 2.3 465 Chikhwawa 95.8 77.1 95.0 210 3.6 201 Chiradzulu 98.0 86.2 95.9 135 2.7 132 Machinga 97.2 79.8 96.7 327 4.0 317 Mangochi 97.8 81.5 95.9 494 3.8 483 Mulanje 97.3 70.6 95.5 284 2.3 276 Mwanza 98.5 92.9 98.2 49 3.2 48 Neno 99.7 82.7 99.3 70 3.1 70 Nsanje 100.0 85.3 96.5 117 1.7 117 Phalombe 97.8 86.7 97.3 186 2.9 182 Thyolo 94.8 78.4 94.8 236 6.6 224 Zomba 97.1 91.4 96.8 344 4.7 334 Total 97.5 79.7 95.9 3,099 3.4 3,021 Total 97.7 76.3 96.2 6,693 3.0 6,540 Note: Table is based on last-born children born in the 2 years before the survey regardless of whether the children are living or dead at the time of interview. 1 Includes children who began breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth. 2 Children given something other than breast milk during the first 3 days of life. 378 • Appendix A
Table A-11.6 Minimum acceptable diet: Districts Percentage of youngest children age 6-23 months living with their mother who are fed a minimum acceptable diet based on breastfeeding status, number of food groups, and times they are fed during the day or night before the survey, according to district, Malawi DHS 2015-16 District Among breastfed children 6-23 months, percentage fed: Minimum dietary diversity 1 Minimum meal frequency 2 Minimum acceptable diet 3 Number of breastfed children 6-23 months Among non-breastfed children 6-23 months, percentage fed: Milk or milk products 4 Minimum dietary diversity 1 Minimum meal frequency 5 Minimum acceptable diet6 Number of nonbreastfed children age 6-23 months Among all children 6-23 months, percentage fed: Breastmilk, milk, or milk products 7 Minimum dietary diversity 1 Minimum meal frequency 8 Minimum acceptable diet 9 Number of all children 6-23 months Northern Chitipa 29.8 40.0 17.6 41 (6.9) (39.9) (15.6) (4.8) 9 83.3 31.6 35.6 15.3 50 Karonga 20.8 54.9 12.2 82 * * * * 13 86.4 23.4 50.6 10.5 95 Likoma 19.8 49.0 12.4 2 (0.0) (13.7) (9.3) (0.0) 1 74.7 18.3 38.9 9.3 3 Mzimba 14.2 20.2 5.8 211 (17.8) (24.8) (26.5) (4.1) 69 79.7 16.8 21.7 5.4 280 Nkhata Bay 39.4 26.1 9.1 62 * * * * 4 94.7 41.0 25.4 9.3 67 Rumphi 30.2 39.9 19.0 51 (0.0) (30.0) (7.8) (0.0) 12 80.6 30.2 33.7 15.3 63 Total 22.2 31.5 10.0 450 12.5 29.9 22.5 3.5 108 83.0 23.7 29.8 8.8 558 Central Dedza 24.6 27.2 7.9 183 * * * * 13 93.3 25.0 25.7 7.4 196 Dowa 20.8 26.2 5.7 185 * * * * 26 88.3 23.1 23.7 5.8 212 Kasungu 17.4 30.1 5.3 186 * * * * 25 88.9 17.4 27.1 4.7 211 Lilongwe 38.9 24.4 9.4 610 (19.2) (44.6) (27.3) (12.3) 82 90.4 39.6 24.7 9.8 692 Mchinji 27.2 23.4 11.5 132 * * * * 17 89.5 27.8 23.7 10.2 148 Nkhotakota 30.2 34.1 8.8 95 (1.2) (36.1) (12.9) (1.2) 20 83.2 31.2 30.5 7.5 115 Ntcheu 24.2 27.1 9.7 195 * * * * 16 92.3 24.4 25.5 8.9 211 Ntchisi 21.4 30.2 7.4 94 * * * * 7 93.0 21.4 28.7 6.8 101 Salima 22.0 45.5 11.0 149 * * * * 16 90.3 22.2 41.1 9.9 165 Total 28.3 28.2 8.6 1,829 9.1 34.8 15.5 5.4 222 90.1 29.0 26.8 8.3 2,051 Southern Balaka 20.4 26.4 10.0 117 * * * * 9 93.8 22.8 25.6 10.4 126 Blantyre 26.6 45.4 11.4 264 (8.0) (32.0) (39.7) (8.0) 60 83.0 27.6 44.4 10.8 323 Chikhwawa 21.0 26.1 7.1 120 * * * * 21 89.7 25.3 25.7 8.6 141 Chiradzulu 19.4 34.1 4.8 88 * * * * 5 94.7 18.4 32.4 4.5 92 Machinga 13.0 26.2 4.5 193 * * * * 26 89.1 14.0 25.5 3.9 219 Mangochi 16.3 34.3 7.0 322 (7.1) (15.2) (9.5) (1.3) 37 90.4 16.2 31.7 6.4 359 Mulanje 30.1 32.0 10.1 164 (12.8) (32.7) (17.4) (0.0) 31 86.3 30.5 29.7 8.5 194 Mwanza 24.9 31.6 8.0 28 (0.0) (20.2) (0.0) (0.0) 9 75.9 23.8 24.0 6.1 36 Neno 26.0 26.6 8.0 40 * * * * 7 86.0 26.1 25.3 6.8 47 Nsanje 27.5 42.6 11.3 71 * * * * 5 93.7 27.2 40.8 10.8 76 Phalombe 24.7 39.4 12.8 114 (1.2) (9.5) (8.5) (0.6) 23 83.2 22.1 34.2 10.7 137 Thyolo 19.1 9.7 2.9 137 * * * * 22 86.6 20.4 10.0 2.5 159 Zomba 17.6 39.9 9.9 210 * * * * 27 89.0 17.5 37.2 8.8 237 Total 20.9 33.0 8.3 1,866 8.6 26.0 19.6 3.8 282 88.0 21.6 31.3 7.7 2,148 Total 24.3 30.7 8.6 4,145 9.5 29.9 18.6 4.3 613 88.3 25.1 29.2 8.1 4,757 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed. 1 Children receive foods from four or more of the following food groups: a. infant formula, milk other than breast milk, cheese or yoghurt or other milk products; b. foods made from grains, roots, and tubers, including porridge and fortified baby food from grains; c. vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; d. other fruits and vegetables; e. eggs; f. meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish (and organ meats); g. legumes and nuts. 2 For breastfed children, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food at least twice a day for infants age 6-8 months and at least three times a day for children age 9-23 months. 3 Breastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they are fed the minimum dietary diversity as described in footnote 1 and the minimum meal frequency as defined in footnote 2. 4 Includes two or more feedings of commercial infant formula, fresh, tinned, and powdered animal milk, and yoghurt. 5 For non-breastfed children age 6-23 months, minimum meal frequency is receiving solid or semi-solid food or milk feeds at least four times a day. 6 Non-breastfed children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they receive other milk or milk products at least twice a day, receive the minimum meal frequency as defined in footnote 5, and receive solid or semi-solid foods from at least four food groups not including the milk or milk products food group. 7 Breastfeeding, or not breastfeeding and receiving two or more feedings of commercial infant formula, fresh, tinned, and powdered animal milk, and yoghurt. 8 Children are fed the minimum recommended number of times per day according to their age and breastfeeding status as described in footnotes 2 and 5. 9 Children age 6-23 months are considered to be fed a minimum acceptable diet if they receive breastmilk, other milk or milk products as described in footnote 7, are fed the minimum dietary diversity as described in footnote 1, and are fed the minimum meal frequency as described in footnotes 2 and 5. Appendix A • 379
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Malawi Demographic and Health Surve
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The 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and
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4.3 Age at First Marriage .........
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13.9.1 Knowledge ..................
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TABLES AND FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION A
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6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ...........
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11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN
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Figure 14.1 HIV prevalence by age .
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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FOREWORD T he 2016-16 Malawi Demogr
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LA LAM LLIN LPG MAD MDHS MICS PPHC
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Example 2: Prevalence and Treatment
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Example 3: Understanding Sampling W
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xxxii • Map of Malawi
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The information collected in the 20
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ecorded on the Biomarker Questionna
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1.5 PRETEST The pretest for the 201
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HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND 2 HOUSE
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About half of Malawian households (
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A total of 117,177 individuals stay
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Patterns by background characterist
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school. The attendance rate decline
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Table 2.3 Household sanitation faci
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Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles Percent
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Table 2.9 Household composition Per
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Table 2.11 Children’s living arra
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Table 2.12.2 Educational attainment
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Table 2.14.1 Child functioning and
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Ke
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• Women and men living in urban a
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Women and men are most commonly emp
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Table 3.1 Background characteristic
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women P
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Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Wome
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Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women Perce
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Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women
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Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women
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Table 3.11 Average number of cigare
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Table 3.13.2 Knowledge and attitude
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Figure 4.1 Marital status Percent d
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marriage. The median age at first i
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Table 4.1 Current marital status Pe
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Table 4.3 Age at first marriage Per
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Table 4.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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FERTILITY 5 Key Findings Total
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5.3 BIRTH INTERVALS Median birth in
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5.5 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH Median age a
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LIST OF TABLES For more information
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Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific
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Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhea, ab
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Table 5.10 Median age at first birt
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Trends: The percentage of currently
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Trends: Since 1992, the proportion
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Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by
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Table 6.3 Ideal number of children
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Table 6.5 Fertility planning status
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Overall, the contraceptive prevalen
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Nearly 8 in 10 (79%) of all modern
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Seventy-eight percent of currently
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the survey (Table 7.16). Ten percen
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Table 7.3 Current use of contracept
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Table 7.7 Informed choice Among cur
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Table 7.12.1 Need and demand for fa
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Table 7.13 Decision-making about fa
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Table 7.16 Contact of nonusers with
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• Any method of measuring childho
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
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9.1 ANTENATAL CARE COVERAGE AND CON
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Trends: Since 1992, the rates of C-
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9.7 PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CA
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Table 9.3 Components of antenatal c
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Table 9.5 Place of delivery Percent
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Table 9.7 Caesarean section Percent
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Table 9.10 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.12 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.14 Pregnancy outcomes Perce
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Table 9.16 Problems in accessing he
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childhood death. In the 2015-16 MDH
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• Vaccination coverage generally
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of giving the same or more food to
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Table 10.1 Child’s size and weigh
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Table 10.3 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.7 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.9 Oral rehydration therapy
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Table 10.11 Disposal of children’
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which the baby’s weight to be dis
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11.2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
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have shown that plant-based complem
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11.3 ANAEMIA PREVALENCE IN CHILDREN
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Information on BMI is presented in
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Table 11.1 Nutritional status of ch
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Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status acc
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Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 11.7 Prevalence of anaemia in
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Table 11.9 Micronutrient intake amo
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Table 11.11 Nutritional status of w
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Table 11.13 Micronutrient intake am
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The ownership and use of both treat
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12.3 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS AND USE OF IT
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SP during routine ANC visits. Follo
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Trends: The percentage of children
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Table 12.3 Indoor residual spraying
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Table 12.7 Use of existing ITNs Per
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Table 12.11 Prevalence, diagnosis,
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Table 12.13 Type of antimalarial dr
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, 13 ATTI
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avoid getting HIV; 64% of women and
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Only 1% of all women reported havin
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Forty-two percent of women and 41%
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13.9.3 Premarital Sex The 2015-16 M
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Table 13.1 Knowledge of HIV prevent
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Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes
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Table 13.5.2 Multiple sexual partne
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Table 13.7.1 Coverage of prior HIV
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Table 13.8 Pregnant women counselle
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Table 13.10 Self-reported prevalenc
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Table 13.13 Premarital sexual inter
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Table 13.14.2 Multiple sexual partn
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HIV PREVALENCE 14 Key Findings HIV
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The HIV prevalence among women and
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Table 14.1 Coverage of HIV testing
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Table 14.3 HIV prevalence according
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Table 14.5 HIV prevalence according
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Table 14.7 HIV prevalence among you
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Table 14.11 HIV prevalence by male
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 15 Key
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Trends: Table 15.3 shows the probab
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Table 15.1 Completeness of informat
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 16 Key Findin
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husbands while smaller proportions
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5% participate in neither decisions
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from 78% to 74%. The percentage of
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16.16 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE BY W
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Table 16.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 16.4.1 Ownership of assets: W
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Table 16.5.2 Ownership of title or
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Table 16.7.1 Ownership and use of b
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Table 16.9.2 Men’s participation
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Table 16.10.2 Attitude toward wife
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Table 16.12 Ability to negotiate se
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Table 16.16 Reproductive health car
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harassment.” Most recently, the M
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• The experience of physical viol
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• Women’s experience of at leas
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women to have ever experienced spou
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• Women in urban areas are about
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Table 17.1 Experience of physical v
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Table 17.3 Persons committing physi
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Table 17.5 Age at first experience
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Table 17.9 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 17.11 Spousal violence accord
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Table 17.13 Experience of spousal v
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Table 17.16 Violence by women again
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Table 17.18 Sources for help to sto
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World Health Organization (WHO) and
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Table A-2.3 Household sanitation fa
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Table A-2.7 Hand washing: Districts
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Table A-2.11 Children’s living ar
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Table A-2.12.2 Educational attainme
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Table A-3.2.1 Educational attainmen
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Table A-3.3.1 Literacy: Women by di
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Table A-3.4.1 Exposure to mass medi
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Table A-3.5.1 Internet usage: Women
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Table A-3.6.1 Employment status: Wo
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Table A-3.7.1 Occupation: Women by
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Page 364 and 365: Table A-3.8.3 Continuity of employm
Page 366 and 367: Table A-3.13.1 Knowledge and attitu
Page 368 and 369: CHAPTER 4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIV
Page 370 and 371: Table A-4.4 Median age at first mar
Page 372 and 373: Table A-4.7.1 Recent sexual activit
Page 374 and 375: CHAPTER 5 FERTILITY Table A-5.2 Fer
Page 376 and 377: Table A-5.10 Median age at first bi
Page 378 and 379: CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES Tab
Page 380 and 381: CHAPTER 7 FAMILY PLANNING Table A-7
Page 382 and 383: Table A-7.13 Decision-making about
Page 384 and 385: Table A-7.16 Contact of nonusers wi
Page 386 and 387: CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE Tabl
Page 388 and 389: Table A-9.4 Tetanus toxoid injectio
Page 390 and 391: Table A-9.6 Assistance during deliv
Page 392 and 393: Table A-9.9 Timing of first postnat
Page 394 and 395: Table A-9.11 Timing of first postna
Page 396 and 397: Table A-9.13 Content of postnatal c
Page 398 and 399: Table A-9.15 Prevalence of obstetri
Page 400 and 401: CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH Table A-10.
Page 402 and 403: Table A-10.4 Possession and observa
Page 404 and 405: Table A-10.6 Prevalence and treatme
Page 406 and 407: Table A-10.8 Feeding practices duri
Page 408 and 409: Table A-10.10 Knowledge of ORS pack
Page 410 and 411: CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AN
Page 414 and 415: Table A-11.7 Prevalence of anaemia
Page 416 and 417: Table A-11.9 Micronutrient intake a
Page 418 and 419: Table A-11.11 Nutritional status of
Page 420 and 421: Table A-11.13 Micronutrient intake
Page 422 and 423: Table A-12.2 Source of mosquito net
Page 424 and 425: Table A-12.6 Use of mosquito nets b
Page 426 and 427: Table A-12.8 Use of mosquito nets b
Page 428 and 429: Table A-12.10 Use of Intermittent P
Page 430 and 431: Table A-12.14 Haemoglobin
Page 432 and 433: Table A-13.4 Discriminatory attitud
Page 434 and 435: Table A-13.5.2 Multiple sexual part
Page 436 and 437: Table A-13.7.1 Coverage of prior HI
Page 438 and 439: Table A-13.8 Pregnant women counsel
Page 440 and 441: Table A-13.10 Self-reported prevale
Page 442 and 443: Table A-13.12 Age at first sexual i
Page 444 and 445: Table A-13.14.1 Multiple sexual par
Page 446 and 447: CHAPTER 14 HIV PREVALENCE Table A-1
Page 448 and 449: Table A-14.3 HIV prevalence: Distri
Page 450 and 451: CHAPTER 16 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT Ta
Page 452 and 453: Table A-16.4.1 Ownership of assets:
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Table A-16.10.1 Attitude toward wif
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Table A-16.11 Attitudes toward nego
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CHAPTER 17 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Table
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Table A-17.4 Experience of sexual v
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Table A-17.10 Spousal violence: Dis
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Table A-17.15 Violence by women aga
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SAMPLE DESIGN Appendix B B.1 INTROD
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two-stage stratified cluster sample
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Table B.1 Distribution of residenti
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Table B.4 Sample allocation of comp
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Table B.6 Sample implementation: Me
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Table B.8 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table B.10 Coverage of HIV testing
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table C.2 Sampling errors: Total sa
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Table C.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.6 Sampling errors: Central
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Table C.8 Sampling errors: Chitipa
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Table C.10 Sampling errors: Nkhatab
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Table C.12 Sampling errors: Mzimba
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Table C.14 Sampling errors: Kasungu
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Table C.16 Sampling errors: Ntchisi
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Table C.18 Sampling errors: Salima
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Table C.20 Sampling errors: Mchinji
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Table C.22 Sampling errors: Ntcheu
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Table C.24 Sampling errors: Maching
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Table C.26 Sampling errors: Chiradz
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Table C.28 Sampling errors: Mwanza
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Table C.30 Sampling errors: Mulanje
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Table C.32 Sampling errors: Chikwaw
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Table C.34 Sampling errors: Balaka
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Table C.36 Sampling errors for adul
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Table D.2.1 Age distribution of eli
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Table D.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table D.7 Nutritional status of chi
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SURVEY PERSONNEL Appendix E 2015-16
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Team Leaders Benson Mvula Grossveno
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Ireen Yohane Chisomo Mkwapatira Des
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2015-2016 MALAWI DEMOGRAPHIC AND HE
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INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello. My
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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MOSQUITO NETS NET #1 NET #2 NET #3
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ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTIC
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200 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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300 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILITY (A
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ELIGIBILITY AND CONSENT FOR THE MIC
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREM
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HIV TESTING FOR MEN AGE 15-54 301 C
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION NO. QUESTI
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SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITI
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SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
Page 645 and 646:
NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS SECTION 1
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 11. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES NO.
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SECTION MM. MATERNAL MORTALITY MODU
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SECTION 13. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODUL
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Page 663 and 664:
INSTRUCTIONS: COL. 1 COL. 2 ONLY ON
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 6. EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER RO
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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Page 689 and 690:
INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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MALAWI GOVERNEMNT NATIONAL STATISTI
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Malawi 2015-16

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