Malawi 2015-16

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Table 15.4 Maternal mortality Direct estimates of maternal mortality rates for the 7 years before the survey, by five-year age groups, Malawi DHS 2015-16 Age Percentage of female deaths that are maternal Maternal deaths 1 Exposure years Maternal mortality rate 2 15-19 14.5 13 54,045 0.25 20-24 17.1 33 58,958 0.56 25-29 22.2 52 53,284 0.97 30-34 22.2 54 43,301 1.25 35-39 13.5 26 29,705 0.88 40-44 9.8 16 17,669 0.92 45-49 2.6 3 10,312 0.25 Total 15-49 16.2 198 267,273 0.71 a General fertility rate (GFR) 3 162 a Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) 4 439 (CI: 348-531) Lifetime risk of maternal death 5 0.021 CI: Confidence interval. 1 A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause except accidents or violence. 2 Expressed per 1,000 woman-years of exposure. 3 Age-adjusted rate expressed per 1,000 women age 15-49. 4 Expressed per 100,000 live births; calculated as the age-adjusted maternal mortality rate times 100 divided by the age-adjusted general fertility rate. 5 Calculated as 1-(1-MMR) TFR where TFR represents the total fertility rate for the 7 years before the survey. a Age-adjusted rate. 250 • Adult and Maternal Mortality
WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 16 Key Findings • Employment and control over earnings: Almost all married men reported being employed in the12 months before the survey (98%), which is significantly more than married women (72%). Seventy percent of married women earn less than their husbands, while only 8% of married men reported earning less than their wives. Employed married women (59%) are likely not to be paid for their work. Control over women’s cash earnings are likely to be made jointly by husband and wife (47%); 28% of women reported having sole decision making powers over their money and 24% reported that their husbands control the decisions on how to use their earnings. • Ownership of property: More women than men own property, which is either a house or land. Cumulatively, 59% of women and 54% of men own a house, while 58% of women and 53% men own land. Individual ownership of property is higher in men than in women. Forty-four percent of men and 35% of women individually own a house, while 43% of men and 37% of women own land. • Participation in decision making: More women participate in making decisions to visit their family or relatives (78%) than in making decisions about their own health care (68%) or making major household purchases (55%). Forty-seven percent of women participate in all three decisions, while 15% participate in none of the three decisions. • Attitudes towards wife beating: For both women and men, tolerance of wife beating generally decreases as wealth rises. T his chapter explores women’s empowerment in terms of employment, earnings, control over earnings, and magnitude of earnings relative to those of their partners. Responses to specific questions are used to define two different indices of women’s empowerment: participation in household decision making and attitudes towards wife beating. This chapter also examines reproductive health issues related to women’s empowerment. These include attitudes toward and abilities to negotiate sexual relations, current use of contraception, ideal fertility, unmet need for family planning, reproductive health care, and child mortality. While the focus of this chapter is women, the chapter also presents men’s data for specific indicators. Comparing such data can help to identify and measure gender disparities. Women’s Empowerment • 251
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Malawi Demographic and Health Surve
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The 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and
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4.3 Age at First Marriage .........
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13.9.1 Knowledge ..................
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TABLES AND FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION A
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6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ...........
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11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN
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Figure 14.1 HIV prevalence by age .
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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FOREWORD T he 2016-16 Malawi Demogr
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LA LAM LLIN LPG MAD MDHS MICS PPHC
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Example 2: Prevalence and Treatment
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Example 3: Understanding Sampling W
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xxxii • Map of Malawi
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The information collected in the 20
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ecorded on the Biomarker Questionna
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1.5 PRETEST The pretest for the 201
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HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND 2 HOUSE
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About half of Malawian households (
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A total of 117,177 individuals stay
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Patterns by background characterist
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school. The attendance rate decline
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Table 2.3 Household sanitation faci
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Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles Percent
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Table 2.9 Household composition Per
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Table 2.11 Children’s living arra
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Table 2.12.2 Educational attainment
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Table 2.14.1 Child functioning and
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Ke
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• Women and men living in urban a
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Women and men are most commonly emp
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Table 3.1 Background characteristic
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women P
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Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Wome
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Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women Perce
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Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women
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Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women
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Table 3.11 Average number of cigare
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Table 3.13.2 Knowledge and attitude
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Figure 4.1 Marital status Percent d
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marriage. The median age at first i
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Table 4.1 Current marital status Pe
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Table 4.3 Age at first marriage Per
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Table 4.5 Age at first sexual inter
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Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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FERTILITY 5 Key Findings Total
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5.3 BIRTH INTERVALS Median birth in
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5.5 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH Median age a
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LIST OF TABLES For more information
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Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific
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Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhea, ab
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Table 5.10 Median age at first birt
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Trends: The percentage of currently
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Trends: Since 1992, the proportion
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Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by
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Table 6.3 Ideal number of children
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Table 6.5 Fertility planning status
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Overall, the contraceptive prevalen
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Nearly 8 in 10 (79%) of all modern
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Seventy-eight percent of currently
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the survey (Table 7.16). Ten percen
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Table 7.3 Current use of contracept
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Table 7.7 Informed choice Among cur
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Table 7.12.1 Need and demand for fa
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Table 7.13 Decision-making about fa
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Table 7.16 Contact of nonusers with
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• Any method of measuring childho
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
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9.1 ANTENATAL CARE COVERAGE AND CON
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Trends: Since 1992, the rates of C-
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9.7 PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CA
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Table 9.3 Components of antenatal c
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Table 9.5 Place of delivery Percent
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Table 9.7 Caesarean section Percent
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Table 9.10 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.12 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.14 Pregnancy outcomes Perce
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Table 9.16 Problems in accessing he
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childhood death. In the 2015-16 MDH
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• Vaccination coverage generally
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of giving the same or more food to
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Table 10.1 Child’s size and weigh
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Table 10.3 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.7 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.9 Oral rehydration therapy
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Table 10.11 Disposal of children’
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which the baby’s weight to be dis
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11.2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
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have shown that plant-based complem
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11.3 ANAEMIA PREVALENCE IN CHILDREN
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Information on BMI is presented in
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Table 11.1 Nutritional status of ch
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Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status acc
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Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 11.7 Prevalence of anaemia in
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Table 11.9 Micronutrient intake amo
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Table 11.11 Nutritional status of w
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Table 11.13 Micronutrient intake am
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The ownership and use of both treat
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12.3 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS AND USE OF IT
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SP during routine ANC visits. Follo
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Trends: The percentage of children
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Table 12.3 Indoor residual spraying
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Table 12.7 Use of existing ITNs Per
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Table 12.11 Prevalence, diagnosis,
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Table 12.13 Type of antimalarial dr
Page 235 and 236: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, 13 ATTI
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Page 241 and 242: Patterns by background characterist
Page 243 and 244: Forty-two percent of women and 41%
Page 245 and 246: 13.9.3 Premarital Sex The 2015-16 M
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Page 249 and 250: Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes
Page 251 and 252: Table 13.5.2 Multiple sexual partne
Page 253 and 254: Table 13.7.1 Coverage of prior HIV
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Page 257 and 258: Table 13.10 Self-reported prevalenc
Page 259 and 260: Table 13.13 Premarital sexual inter
Page 261 and 262: Table 13.14.2 Multiple sexual partn
Page 263 and 264: HIV PREVALENCE 14 Key Findings HIV
Page 265 and 266: The HIV prevalence among women and
Page 269 and 270: Table 14.1 Coverage of HIV testing
Page 271 and 272: Table 14.3 HIV prevalence according
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Page 275 and 276: Table 14.7 HIV prevalence among you
Page 277 and 278: Table 14.11 HIV prevalence by male
Page 279 and 280: ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 15 Key
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Page 297 and 298: Table 16.2.1 Control over women’s
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Page 307 and 308: Table 16.10.2 Attitude toward wife
Page 309 and 310: Table 16.12 Ability to negotiate se
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Page 316 and 317: • The experience of physical viol
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Table 17.13 Experience of spousal v
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Table 17.16 Violence by women again
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Table 17.18 Sources for help to sto
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World Health Organization (WHO) and
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Table A-2.3 Household sanitation fa
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Table A-2.7 Hand washing: Districts
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Table A-2.11 Children’s living ar
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Table A-2.12.2 Educational attainme
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Table A-3.2.1 Educational attainmen
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Table A-3.3.1 Literacy: Women by di
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Table A-3.4.1 Exposure to mass medi
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Table A-3.5.1 Internet usage: Women
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Table A-3.6.1 Employment status: Wo
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Table A-3.7.1 Occupation: Women by
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-3.8.3 Continuity of employm
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Table A-3.13.1 Knowledge and attitu
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CHAPTER 4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIV
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Table A-4.4 Median age at first mar
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Table A-4.7.1 Recent sexual activit
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CHAPTER 5 FERTILITY Table A-5.2 Fer
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Table A-5.10 Median age at first bi
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CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES Tab
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CHAPTER 7 FAMILY PLANNING Table A-7
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Table A-7.13 Decision-making about
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Table A-7.16 Contact of nonusers wi
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CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE Tabl
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Table A-9.4 Tetanus toxoid injectio
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Table A-9.6 Assistance during deliv
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Table A-9.9 Timing of first postnat
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Table A-9.11 Timing of first postna
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Table A-9.13 Content of postnatal c
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Table A-9.15 Prevalence of obstetri
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CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH Table A-10.
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Table A-10.4 Possession and observa
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Table A-10.6 Prevalence and treatme
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Table A-10.8 Feeding practices duri
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Table A-10.10 Knowledge of ORS pack
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CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AN
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Table A-11.2 Initial breastfeeding:
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Table A-11.7 Prevalence of anaemia
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Table A-11.9 Micronutrient intake a
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Table A-11.11 Nutritional status of
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Table A-11.13 Micronutrient intake
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Table A-12.2 Source of mosquito net
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Table A-12.6 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.8 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.10 Use of Intermittent P
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Table A-12.14 Haemoglobin
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Table A-13.4 Discriminatory attitud
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Table A-13.5.2 Multiple sexual part
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Table A-13.7.1 Coverage of prior HI
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Table A-13.8 Pregnant women counsel
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Table A-13.10 Self-reported prevale
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Table A-13.12 Age at first sexual i
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Table A-13.14.1 Multiple sexual par
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CHAPTER 14 HIV PREVALENCE Table A-1
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Table A-14.3 HIV prevalence: Distri
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CHAPTER 16 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT Ta
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Table A-16.4.1 Ownership of assets:
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Table A-16.5.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.6.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.7.1 Ownership and use of
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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Table A-16.10.1 Attitude toward wif
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Table A-16.11 Attitudes toward nego
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CHAPTER 17 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Table
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Table A-17.4 Experience of sexual v
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Table A-17.10 Spousal violence: Dis
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Table A-17.15 Violence by women aga
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SAMPLE DESIGN Appendix B B.1 INTROD
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two-stage stratified cluster sample
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Table B.1 Distribution of residenti
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Table B.4 Sample allocation of comp
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Table B.6 Sample implementation: Me
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Table B.8 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table B.10 Coverage of HIV testing
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table C.2 Sampling errors: Total sa
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Table C.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.6 Sampling errors: Central
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Table C.8 Sampling errors: Chitipa
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Table C.10 Sampling errors: Nkhatab
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Table C.12 Sampling errors: Mzimba
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Table C.14 Sampling errors: Kasungu
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Table C.16 Sampling errors: Ntchisi
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Table C.18 Sampling errors: Salima
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Table C.20 Sampling errors: Mchinji
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Table C.22 Sampling errors: Ntcheu
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Table C.24 Sampling errors: Maching
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Table C.26 Sampling errors: Chiradz
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Table C.28 Sampling errors: Mwanza
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Table C.30 Sampling errors: Mulanje
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Table C.32 Sampling errors: Chikwaw
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Table C.34 Sampling errors: Balaka
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Table C.36 Sampling errors for adul
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Table D.2.1 Age distribution of eli
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Table D.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table D.7 Nutritional status of chi
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SURVEY PERSONNEL Appendix E 2015-16
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Team Leaders Benson Mvula Grossveno
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Ireen Yohane Chisomo Mkwapatira Des
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2015-2016 MALAWI DEMOGRAPHIC AND HE
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INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello. My
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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MOSQUITO NETS NET #1 NET #2 NET #3
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ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTIC
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200 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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300 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILITY (A
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ELIGIBILITY AND CONSENT FOR THE MIC
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREM
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HIV TESTING FOR MEN AGE 15-54 301 C
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION NO. QUESTI
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SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITI
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SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS SECTION 1
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 11. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES NO.
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SECTION MM. MATERNAL MORTALITY MODU
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SECTION 13. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODUL
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INSTRUCTIONS: COL. 1 COL. 2 ONLY ON
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 6. EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER RO
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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MALAWI GOVERNEMNT NATIONAL STATISTI
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Malawi 2015-16

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