Malawi 2015-16

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• Only 8% of men from the highest wealth quintile are smokers compared with 20% from the lowest. 3.8 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES REGARDING TUBERCULOSIS Tables 3.13.1 and 3.13.2 present information on knowledge and attitudes about tuberculosis (TB) among women and men age 15-49. Ninety-four percent of women and 97% of men have heard of TB. Among women and men who report having heard of TB: • 68% of women and 77% of men reported that TB is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing • 75% of women and 81% of men believe that TB can be cured • 34% of women and 27% of men would want a family member’s TB status kept secret Patterns by background characteristics • Women and men in rural areas (66% and 75%, respectively) are less likely to have correctly reported that TB is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing than women and men in urban areas (80% and 88%, respectively). • The percentage of women and men who correctly reported that TB is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing increases with education; from 61% of women and 67% of men with no education to 97% of women and 98% of men with more than secondary education. • The percentage of women and men who correctly reported that TB is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing increases with the level of wealth quintile; from 60% of women and 68% of men in the lowest wealth quintile to 80% of women and 85% of men in the highest wealth quintile. LIST OF TABLES For more information on the characteristics of survey respondents, see the following tables: • Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents • Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women • Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men • Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women • Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men • Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women • Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men • Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women • Table 3.5.2 Internet usage: Men • Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Women • Table 3.6.2 Employment status: Men • Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women • Table 3.7.2 Occupation: Men • Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women • Table 3.9.1 Health insurance coverage: Women • Table 3.9.2 Health insurance coverage: Men • Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women • Table 3.10.2 Tobacco smoking: Men • Table 3.11 Average number of cigarettes smoked daily: Men • Table 3.12 Smokeless tobacco use • Table 3.13.1 Knowledge and attitude concerning tuberculosis: Women • Table 3.13.2 Knowledge and attitude concerning tuberculosis: Men 36 • Characteristics of Respondents
Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Malawi DHS 2015-16 Background characteristic Weighted percent Women Weighted number Unweighted number Weighted percent Men Weighted number Unweighted number Age 15-19 21.4 5,263 5,273 25.5 1,818 1,846 20-24 21.0 5,159 5,094 19.8 1,408 1,380 25-29 16.1 3,953 3,976 14.3 1,022 1,030 30-34 14.9 3,668 3,648 13.0 925 945 35-39 11.9 2,924 2,988 12.4 882 866 40-44 8.3 2,029 2,022 8.7 624 619 45-49 6.4 1,567 1,561 6.3 450 452 Religion Anglican 2.6 639 1,258 2.5 179 373 Catholic 18.1 4,442 4,320 19.4 1,384 1,321 CCAP 1 17.4 4,268 3,878 18.9 1,345 1,205 Muslim 12.5 3,069 2,726 10.7 766 685 Seventh Day Adventist/ Baptist 6.9 1,704 1,839 6.8 488 520 Other Christian 41.9 10,281 10,390 38.6 2,751 2,853 No religion 0.5 123 113 2.9 208 171 Other 0.1 36 38 0.1 7 10 Ethnic group Chewa 34.7 8,529 7,317 36.3 2,585 2,223 Lomwe 19.1 4,692 4,453 18.3 1,302 1,257 Mang’anja 2.5 621 569 2.5 175 174 Ngoni 11.8 2,895 3,085 12.9 920 918 Nkhonde 0.8 207 335 1.1 77 118 Nyanja 1.1 264 547 0.7 51 125 Sena 3.6 889 1,153 3.3 233 305 Tonga 1.8 446 942 1.6 115 273 Tombuka 9.4 2,298 2,612 9.4 668 783 Yao 13.4 3,289 2,782 12.2 870 732 Other 1.8 433 767 1.8 132 230 Marital status Never married 21.0 5,170 5,326 40.2 2,863 2,929 Married 61.7 15,149 14,912 52.5 3,742 3,734 Living together 4.0 981 1,040 4.0 288 238 Divorced/separated 10.4 2,558 2,542 2.9 206 210 Widowed 2.9 704 742 0.4 29 27 Residence Urban 18.3 4,496 5,247 18.8 1,340 1,602 Rural 81.7 20,066 19,315 81.2 5,788 5,536 Region Northern 11.6 2,838 4,803 12.9 922 1,508 Central 42.9 10,529 8,417 44.6 3,176 2,548 Southern 45.6 11,194 11,342 42.5 3,030 3,082 Education No education 12.1 2,977 2,779 5.3 375 339 Primary 62.1 15,245 15,028 58.3 4,153 4,034 Secondary 22.8 5,598 6,061 31.5 2,249 2,432 More than secondary 3.0 742 694 4.9 351 333 Wealth quintile Lowest 19.3 4,745 4,279 15.9 1,134 992 Second 19.1 4,692 4,429 18.6 1,325 1,266 Middle 18.9 4,635 4,508 19.8 1,409 1,373 Fourth 19.1 4,680 4,897 20.5 1,462 1,494 Highest 23.7 5,810 6,449 25.2 1,798 2,013 Total 15-49 100.0 24,562 24,562 100.0 7,128 7,138 50-54 na na na na 350 340 Total 15-54 na na na na 7,478 7,478 Note: Education categories refer to the highest level of education attended, whether or not that level was completed. na = Not applicable. 1 Church of Central Africa Presbyterian. Characteristics of Respondents • 37
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Malawi Demographic and Health Surve
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The 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and
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4.3 Age at First Marriage .........
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13.9.1 Knowledge ..................
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TABLES AND FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION A
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6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ...........
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11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN
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Figure 14.1 HIV prevalence by age .
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Page 23: FOREWORD T he 2016-16 Malawi Demogr
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Page 28 and 29: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 30 and 31: Example 2: Prevalence and Treatment
Page 32 and 33: Example 3: Understanding Sampling W
Page 34 and 35: xxxii • Map of Malawi
Page 36 and 37: The information collected in the 20
Page 38 and 39: ecorded on the Biomarker Questionna
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 PRETEST The pretest for the 201
Page 43 and 44: HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND 2 HOUSE
Page 45 and 46: About half of Malawian households (
Page 47 and 48: A total of 117,177 individuals stay
Page 49 and 50: Patterns by background characterist
Page 51 and 52: school. The attendance rate decline
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.3 Household sanitation faci
Page 55 and 56: Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles Percent
Page 57 and 58: Table 2.9 Household composition Per
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.11 Children’s living arra
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.12.2 Educational attainment
Page 63 and 64: Table 2.14.1 Child functioning and
Page 65 and 66: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Ke
Page 67 and 68: • Women and men living in urban a
Page 69: Women and men are most commonly emp
Page 73 and 74: Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
Page 75 and 76: Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women P
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Wome
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women Perce
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women
Page 83 and 84: Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women
Page 85 and 86: Table 3.11 Average number of cigare
Page 87: Table 3.13.2 Knowledge and attitude
Page 90 and 91: Figure 4.1 Marital status Percent d
Page 92 and 93: marriage. The median age at first i
Page 94 and 95: Table 4.1 Current marital status Pe
Page 96 and 97: Table 4.3 Age at first marriage Per
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Page 100 and 101: Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 103 and 104: FERTILITY 5 Key Findings Total
Page 105 and 106: 5.3 BIRTH INTERVALS Median birth in
Page 107 and 108: 5.5 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH Median age a
Page 109 and 110: LIST OF TABLES For more information
Page 111 and 112: Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific
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Trends: Since 1992, the proportion
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Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by
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Table 6.3 Ideal number of children
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Table 6.5 Fertility planning status
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Overall, the contraceptive prevalen
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Nearly 8 in 10 (79%) of all modern
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Seventy-eight percent of currently
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the survey (Table 7.16). Ten percen
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Table 7.3 Current use of contracept
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Table 7.7 Informed choice Among cur
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Table 7.12.1 Need and demand for fa
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Table 7.13 Decision-making about fa
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Table 7.16 Contact of nonusers with
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• Any method of measuring childho
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Patterns by background characterist
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Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
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Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
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9.1 ANTENATAL CARE COVERAGE AND CON
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Trends: Since 1992, the rates of C-
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9.7 PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CA
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Table 9.3 Components of antenatal c
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Table 9.5 Place of delivery Percent
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Table 9.7 Caesarean section Percent
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Table 9.10 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.12 Type of provider of firs
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Table 9.14 Pregnancy outcomes Perce
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Table 9.16 Problems in accessing he
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childhood death. In the 2015-16 MDH
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• Vaccination coverage generally
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of giving the same or more food to
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Table 10.1 Child’s size and weigh
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Table 10.3 Vaccinations by backgrou
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Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.7 Prevalence and treatment
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Table 10.9 Oral rehydration therapy
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Table 10.11 Disposal of children’
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which the baby’s weight to be dis
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11.2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
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have shown that plant-based complem
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11.3 ANAEMIA PREVALENCE IN CHILDREN
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Information on BMI is presented in
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Table 11.1 Nutritional status of ch
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Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status acc
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Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 11.7 Prevalence of anaemia in
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Table 11.9 Micronutrient intake amo
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Table 11.11 Nutritional status of w
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Table 11.13 Micronutrient intake am
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The ownership and use of both treat
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12.3 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS AND USE OF IT
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SP during routine ANC visits. Follo
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Trends: The percentage of children
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Table 12.3 Indoor residual spraying
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Table 12.7 Use of existing ITNs Per
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Table 12.11 Prevalence, diagnosis,
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Table 12.13 Type of antimalarial dr
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, 13 ATTI
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avoid getting HIV; 64% of women and
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Only 1% of all women reported havin
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Forty-two percent of women and 41%
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13.9.3 Premarital Sex The 2015-16 M
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Table 13.1 Knowledge of HIV prevent
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Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes
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Table 13.5.2 Multiple sexual partne
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Table 13.7.1 Coverage of prior HIV
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Table 13.8 Pregnant women counselle
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Table 13.10 Self-reported prevalenc
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Table 13.13 Premarital sexual inter
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Table 13.14.2 Multiple sexual partn
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HIV PREVALENCE 14 Key Findings HIV
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The HIV prevalence among women and
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Table 14.1 Coverage of HIV testing
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Table 14.3 HIV prevalence according
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Table 14.5 HIV prevalence according
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Table 14.7 HIV prevalence among you
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Table 14.11 HIV prevalence by male
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 15 Key
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Trends: Table 15.3 shows the probab
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Table 15.1 Completeness of informat
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 16 Key Findin
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husbands while smaller proportions
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5% participate in neither decisions
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from 78% to 74%. The percentage of
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16.16 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE BY W
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Table 16.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 16.4.1 Ownership of assets: W
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Table 16.5.2 Ownership of title or
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Table 16.7.1 Ownership and use of b
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Table 16.9.2 Men’s participation
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Table 16.10.2 Attitude toward wife
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Table 16.12 Ability to negotiate se
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Table 16.16 Reproductive health car
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harassment.” Most recently, the M
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• The experience of physical viol
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• Women’s experience of at leas
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women to have ever experienced spou
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• Women in urban areas are about
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Table 17.1 Experience of physical v
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Table 17.3 Persons committing physi
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Table 17.5 Age at first experience
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Table 17.9 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 17.11 Spousal violence accord
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Table 17.13 Experience of spousal v
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Table 17.16 Violence by women again
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Table 17.18 Sources for help to sto
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World Health Organization (WHO) and
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Table A-2.3 Household sanitation fa
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Table A-2.7 Hand washing: Districts
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Table A-2.11 Children’s living ar
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Table A-2.12.2 Educational attainme
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Table A-3.2.1 Educational attainmen
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Table A-3.3.1 Literacy: Women by di
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Table A-3.4.1 Exposure to mass medi
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Table A-3.5.1 Internet usage: Women
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Table A-3.6.1 Employment status: Wo
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Table A-3.7.1 Occupation: Women by
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-3.8.3 Continuity of employm
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Table A-3.13.1 Knowledge and attitu
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CHAPTER 4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIV
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Table A-4.4 Median age at first mar
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Table A-4.7.1 Recent sexual activit
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CHAPTER 5 FERTILITY Table A-5.2 Fer
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Table A-5.10 Median age at first bi
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CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES Tab
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CHAPTER 7 FAMILY PLANNING Table A-7
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Table A-7.13 Decision-making about
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Table A-7.16 Contact of nonusers wi
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CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE Tabl
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Table A-9.4 Tetanus toxoid injectio
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Table A-9.6 Assistance during deliv
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Table A-9.9 Timing of first postnat
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Table A-9.11 Timing of first postna
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Table A-9.13 Content of postnatal c
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Table A-9.15 Prevalence of obstetri
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CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH Table A-10.
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Table A-10.4 Possession and observa
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Table A-10.6 Prevalence and treatme
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Table A-10.8 Feeding practices duri
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Table A-10.10 Knowledge of ORS pack
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CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AN
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Table A-11.2 Initial breastfeeding:
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Table A-11.7 Prevalence of anaemia
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Table A-11.9 Micronutrient intake a
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Table A-11.11 Nutritional status of
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Table A-11.13 Micronutrient intake
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Table A-12.2 Source of mosquito net
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Table A-12.6 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.8 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.10 Use of Intermittent P
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Table A-12.14 Haemoglobin
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Table A-13.4 Discriminatory attitud
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Table A-13.5.2 Multiple sexual part
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Table A-13.7.1 Coverage of prior HI
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Table A-13.8 Pregnant women counsel
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Table A-13.10 Self-reported prevale
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Table A-13.12 Age at first sexual i
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Table A-13.14.1 Multiple sexual par
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CHAPTER 14 HIV PREVALENCE Table A-1
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Table A-14.3 HIV prevalence: Distri
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CHAPTER 16 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT Ta
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Table A-16.4.1 Ownership of assets:
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Table A-16.5.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.6.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.7.1 Ownership and use of
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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Table A-16.10.1 Attitude toward wif
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Table A-16.11 Attitudes toward nego
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CHAPTER 17 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Table
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Table A-17.4 Experience of sexual v
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Table A-17.10 Spousal violence: Dis
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Table A-17.15 Violence by women aga
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SAMPLE DESIGN Appendix B B.1 INTROD
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two-stage stratified cluster sample
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Table B.1 Distribution of residenti
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Table B.4 Sample allocation of comp
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Table B.6 Sample implementation: Me
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Table B.8 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table B.10 Coverage of HIV testing
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table C.2 Sampling errors: Total sa
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Table C.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.6 Sampling errors: Central
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Table C.8 Sampling errors: Chitipa
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Table C.10 Sampling errors: Nkhatab
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Table C.12 Sampling errors: Mzimba
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Table C.14 Sampling errors: Kasungu
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Table C.16 Sampling errors: Ntchisi
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Table C.18 Sampling errors: Salima
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Table C.20 Sampling errors: Mchinji
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Table C.22 Sampling errors: Ntcheu
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Table C.24 Sampling errors: Maching
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Table C.26 Sampling errors: Chiradz
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Table C.28 Sampling errors: Mwanza
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Table C.30 Sampling errors: Mulanje
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Table C.32 Sampling errors: Chikwaw
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Table C.34 Sampling errors: Balaka
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Table C.36 Sampling errors for adul
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Table D.2.1 Age distribution of eli
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Table D.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table D.7 Nutritional status of chi
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SURVEY PERSONNEL Appendix E 2015-16
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Team Leaders Benson Mvula Grossveno
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Ireen Yohane Chisomo Mkwapatira Des
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2015-2016 MALAWI DEMOGRAPHIC AND HE
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INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello. My
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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MOSQUITO NETS NET #1 NET #2 NET #3
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ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTIC
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200 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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300 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILITY (A
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ELIGIBILITY AND CONSENT FOR THE MIC
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREM
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HIV TESTING FOR MEN AGE 15-54 301 C
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION NO. QUESTI
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SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITI
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SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS SECTION 1
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 11. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES NO.
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SECTION MM. MATERNAL MORTALITY MODU
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SECTION 13. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODUL
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INSTRUCTIONS: COL. 1 COL. 2 ONLY ON
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 6. EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER RO
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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MALAWI GOVERNEMNT NATIONAL STATISTI
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Malawi 2015-16

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