Malawi 2015-16

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Patterns by background characteristics • By age, perinatal mortality rates are highest among mothers who are younger than age 20 (45 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies). • By birth interval, the perinatal mortality rate is highest among pregnancies to women in which the previous pregnancy interval was less than 15 months (55 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies) followed by first pregnancies (48 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies). • The perinatal mortality rate is higher in urban than rural areas (40 deaths versus 34 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies, respectively). • The perinatal mortality rate is highest among pregnancies to women with more than secondary education (82 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies) compared with pregnancies to women with no or less education. For additional information on high-risk fertility behaviour, see Table 8.5. LIST OF TABLES For detailed information on infant and child mortality, see the following tables: • Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates • Table 8.2 Early childhood mortality rates according to socioeconomic characteristics • Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality rates according to demographic characteristics • Table 8.4 Perinatal mortality • Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behaviour 114 • Infant and Child Mortality
Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for 5-year periods before the survey, Malawi DHS 2015-16 Years before the survey Neonatal mortality (NN) Postneonatal mortality (PNN) 1 Infant mortality (1q0) Child mortality (4q1) Under-5 mortality (5q0) 0-4 27 15 42 23 63 5-9 26 25 51 37 86 10-14 27 35 62 53 112 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates. Table 8.2 Early childhood mortality rates according to socioeconomic characteristics Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 10-year period before the survey, according to socioeconomic characteristics, Malawi DHS 2015-16 Socioeconomic characteristic Neonatal mortality (NN) Postneonatal mortality (PNN) 1 Infant mortality (1q0) Child mortality (4q1) Under-five mortality (5q0) Residence Urban 26 18 44 17 60 Rural 27 20 47 31 77 Region Northern 21 16 37 21 57 Central 29 20 50 33 81 Southern 25 20 46 29 73 Mother’s education No education 25 18 43 37 79 Primary 28 21 48 31 78 Secondary 23 19 42 17 58 More than secondary (32) (12) (44) (4) (48) Wealth quintile Lowest 27 19 47 38 83 Second 29 21 50 32 81 Middle 26 21 48 31 77 Fourth 24 19 43 27 68 Highest 25 18 43 17 60 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 250-499 unweighted person-years of exposure to the risk of death. 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates. Infant and Child Mortality • 115
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Malawi Demographic and Health Surve
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The 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and
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4.3 Age at First Marriage .........
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13.9.1 Knowledge ..................
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TABLES AND FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION A
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6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ...........
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11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN
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Figure 14.1 HIV prevalence by age .
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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FOREWORD T he 2016-16 Malawi Demogr
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LA LAM LLIN LPG MAD MDHS MICS PPHC
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Example 2: Prevalence and Treatment
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Example 3: Understanding Sampling W
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xxxii • Map of Malawi
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The information collected in the 20
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ecorded on the Biomarker Questionna
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1.5 PRETEST The pretest for the 201
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HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND 2 HOUSE
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About half of Malawian households (
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A total of 117,177 individuals stay
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Patterns by background characterist
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school. The attendance rate decline
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Table 2.3 Household sanitation faci
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Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles Percent
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Table 2.9 Household composition Per
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Table 2.11 Children’s living arra
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Table 2.12.2 Educational attainment
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Table 2.14.1 Child functioning and
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Ke
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• Women and men living in urban a
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Women and men are most commonly emp
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Table 3.1 Background characteristic
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.5.1 Internet usage: Women P
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Table 3.6.1 Employment status: Wome
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Table 3.7.1 Occupation: Women Perce
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Table 3.8 Type of employment: Women
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Table 3.10.1 Tobacco smoking: Women
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Table 3.11 Average number of cigare
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Table 3.13.2 Knowledge and attitude
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Figure 4.1 Marital status Percent d
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marriage. The median age at first i
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Table 4.1 Current marital status Pe
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Table 4.3 Age at first marriage Per
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Page 100 and 101: Table 4.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 103 and 104: FERTILITY 5 Key Findings Total
Page 105 and 106: 5.3 BIRTH INTERVALS Median birth in
Page 107 and 108: 5.5 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH Median age a
Page 109 and 110: LIST OF TABLES For more information
Page 111 and 112: Table 5.3.1 Trends in age-specific
Page 113 and 114: Table 5.6 Postpartum amenorrhea, ab
Page 115: Table 5.10 Median age at first birt
Page 118 and 119: Trends: The percentage of currently
Page 120 and 121: Trends: Since 1992, the proportion
Page 122 and 123: Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by
Page 124 and 125: Table 6.3 Ideal number of children
Page 126 and 127: Table 6.5 Fertility planning status
Page 128 and 129: Overall, the contraceptive prevalen
Page 130 and 131: Nearly 8 in 10 (79%) of all modern
Page 132 and 133: Seventy-eight percent of currently
Page 134 and 135: the survey (Table 7.16). Ten percen
Page 136 and 137: Table 7.3 Current use of contracept
Page 138 and 139: Table 7.7 Informed choice Among cur
Page 140 and 141: Table 7.12.1 Need and demand for fa
Page 142 and 143: Table 7.13 Decision-making about fa
Page 144 and 145: Table 7.16 Contact of nonusers with
Page 146 and 147: • Any method of measuring childho
Page 150 and 151: Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality
Page 152 and 153: Table 8.5 High-risk fertility behav
Page 154 and 155: 9.1 ANTENATAL CARE COVERAGE AND CON
Page 156 and 157: Patterns by background characterist
Page 158 and 159: Trends: Since 1992, the rates of C-
Page 160 and 161: 9.7 PROBLEMS IN ACCESSING HEALTH CA
Page 162 and 163: Table 9.3 Components of antenatal c
Page 164 and 165: Table 9.5 Place of delivery Percent
Page 166 and 167: Table 9.7 Caesarean section Percent
Page 168 and 169: Table 9.10 Type of provider of firs
Page 170 and 171: Table 9.12 Type of provider of firs
Page 172 and 173: Table 9.14 Pregnancy outcomes Perce
Page 174 and 175: Table 9.16 Problems in accessing he
Page 176 and 177: childhood death. In the 2015-16 MDH
Page 178 and 179: • Vaccination coverage generally
Page 180 and 181: of giving the same or more food to
Page 182 and 183: Table 10.1 Child’s size and weigh
Page 184 and 185: Table 10.3 Vaccinations by backgrou
Page 186 and 187: Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment
Page 188 and 189: Table 10.7 Prevalence and treatment
Page 190 and 191: Table 10.9 Oral rehydration therapy
Page 192 and 193: Table 10.11 Disposal of children’
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have shown that plant-based complem
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11.3 ANAEMIA PREVALENCE IN CHILDREN
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Information on BMI is presented in
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Table 11.1 Nutritional status of ch
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Table 11.3 Breastfeeding status acc
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Table 11.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 11.7 Prevalence of anaemia in
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Table 11.9 Micronutrient intake amo
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Table 11.11 Nutritional status of w
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Table 11.13 Micronutrient intake am
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The ownership and use of both treat
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12.3 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS AND USE OF IT
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SP during routine ANC visits. Follo
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Trends: The percentage of children
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Table 12.3 Indoor residual spraying
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Table 12.7 Use of existing ITNs Per
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Table 12.11 Prevalence, diagnosis,
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Table 12.13 Type of antimalarial dr
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, 13 ATTI
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avoid getting HIV; 64% of women and
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Only 1% of all women reported havin
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Forty-two percent of women and 41%
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13.9.3 Premarital Sex The 2015-16 M
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Table 13.1 Knowledge of HIV prevent
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Table 13.4 Discriminatory attitudes
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Table 13.5.2 Multiple sexual partne
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Table 13.7.1 Coverage of prior HIV
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Table 13.8 Pregnant women counselle
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Table 13.10 Self-reported prevalenc
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Table 13.13 Premarital sexual inter
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Table 13.14.2 Multiple sexual partn
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HIV PREVALENCE 14 Key Findings HIV
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The HIV prevalence among women and
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Table 14.1 Coverage of HIV testing
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Table 14.3 HIV prevalence according
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Table 14.5 HIV prevalence according
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Table 14.7 HIV prevalence among you
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Table 14.11 HIV prevalence by male
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 15 Key
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Trends: Table 15.3 shows the probab
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Table 15.1 Completeness of informat
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT 16 Key Findin
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husbands while smaller proportions
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5% participate in neither decisions
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from 78% to 74%. The percentage of
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16.16 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE BY W
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Table 16.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 16.4.1 Ownership of assets: W
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Table 16.5.2 Ownership of title or
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Table 16.7.1 Ownership and use of b
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Table 16.9.2 Men’s participation
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Table 16.10.2 Attitude toward wife
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Table 16.12 Ability to negotiate se
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Table 16.16 Reproductive health car
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harassment.” Most recently, the M
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• The experience of physical viol
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• Women’s experience of at leas
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women to have ever experienced spou
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• Women in urban areas are about
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Table 17.1 Experience of physical v
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Table 17.3 Persons committing physi
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Table 17.5 Age at first experience
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Table 17.9 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 17.11 Spousal violence accord
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Table 17.13 Experience of spousal v
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Table 17.16 Violence by women again
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Table 17.18 Sources for help to sto
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World Health Organization (WHO) and
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Table A-2.3 Household sanitation fa
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Table A-2.7 Hand washing: Districts
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Table A-2.11 Children’s living ar
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Table A-2.12.2 Educational attainme
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Table A-3.2.1 Educational attainmen
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Table A-3.3.1 Literacy: Women by di
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Table A-3.4.1 Exposure to mass medi
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Table A-3.5.1 Internet usage: Women
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Table A-3.6.1 Employment status: Wo
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Table A-3.7.1 Occupation: Women by
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Table A-3.8.1 Type of earnings: Wom
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Table A-3.8.3 Continuity of employm
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Table A-3.13.1 Knowledge and attitu
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CHAPTER 4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIV
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Table A-4.4 Median age at first mar
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Table A-4.7.1 Recent sexual activit
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CHAPTER 5 FERTILITY Table A-5.2 Fer
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Table A-5.10 Median age at first bi
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CHAPTER 6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES Tab
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CHAPTER 7 FAMILY PLANNING Table A-7
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Table A-7.13 Decision-making about
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Table A-7.16 Contact of nonusers wi
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CHAPTER 9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE Tabl
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Table A-9.4 Tetanus toxoid injectio
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Table A-9.6 Assistance during deliv
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Table A-9.9 Timing of first postnat
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Table A-9.11 Timing of first postna
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Table A-9.13 Content of postnatal c
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Table A-9.15 Prevalence of obstetri
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CHAPTER 10 CHILD HEALTH Table A-10.
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Table A-10.4 Possession and observa
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Table A-10.6 Prevalence and treatme
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Table A-10.8 Feeding practices duri
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Table A-10.10 Knowledge of ORS pack
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CHAPTER 11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AN
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Table A-11.2 Initial breastfeeding:
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Table A-11.7 Prevalence of anaemia
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Table A-11.9 Micronutrient intake a
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Table A-11.11 Nutritional status of
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Table A-11.13 Micronutrient intake
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Table A-12.2 Source of mosquito net
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Table A-12.6 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.8 Use of mosquito nets b
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Table A-12.10 Use of Intermittent P
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Table A-12.14 Haemoglobin
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Table A-13.4 Discriminatory attitud
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Table A-13.5.2 Multiple sexual part
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Table A-13.7.1 Coverage of prior HI
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Table A-13.8 Pregnant women counsel
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Table A-13.10 Self-reported prevale
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Table A-13.12 Age at first sexual i
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Table A-13.14.1 Multiple sexual par
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CHAPTER 14 HIV PREVALENCE Table A-1
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Table A-14.3 HIV prevalence: Distri
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CHAPTER 16 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT Ta
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Table A-16.4.1 Ownership of assets:
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Table A-16.5.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.6.1 Ownership of title o
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Table A-16.7.1 Ownership and use of
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Table A-16.9.1 Women’s participat
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Table A-16.10.1 Attitude toward wif
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Table A-16.11 Attitudes toward nego
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CHAPTER 17 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Table
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Table A-17.4 Experience of sexual v
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Table A-17.10 Spousal violence: Dis
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Table A-17.15 Violence by women aga
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SAMPLE DESIGN Appendix B B.1 INTROD
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two-stage stratified cluster sample
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Table B.1 Distribution of residenti
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Table B.4 Sample allocation of comp
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Table B.6 Sample implementation: Me
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Table B.8 Coverage of HIV testing b
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Table B.10 Coverage of HIV testing
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where h represents the stratum whic
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Table C.2 Sampling errors: Total sa
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Table C.4 Sampling errors: Rural sa
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Table C.6 Sampling errors: Central
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Table C.8 Sampling errors: Chitipa
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Table C.10 Sampling errors: Nkhatab
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Table C.12 Sampling errors: Mzimba
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Table C.14 Sampling errors: Kasungu
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Table C.16 Sampling errors: Ntchisi
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Table C.18 Sampling errors: Salima
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Table C.20 Sampling errors: Mchinji
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Table C.22 Sampling errors: Ntcheu
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Table C.24 Sampling errors: Maching
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Table C.26 Sampling errors: Chiradz
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Table C.28 Sampling errors: Mwanza
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Table C.30 Sampling errors: Mulanje
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Table C.32 Sampling errors: Chikwaw
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Table C.34 Sampling errors: Balaka
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Table C.36 Sampling errors for adul
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Table D.2.1 Age distribution of eli
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Table D.5 Reporting of age at death
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Table D.7 Nutritional status of chi
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SURVEY PERSONNEL Appendix E 2015-16
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Team Leaders Benson Mvula Grossveno
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Ireen Yohane Chisomo Mkwapatira Des
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2015-2016 MALAWI DEMOGRAPHIC AND HE
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INTRODUCTION AND CONSENT Hello. My
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE IF AGE 0-17 YEAR
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS NO. QUEST
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MOSQUITO NETS NET #1 NET #2 NET #3
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ADDITIONAL HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTIC
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200 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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300 CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILIT
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CHILD FUNCTIONING AND DISABILITY (A
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ELIGIBILITY AND CONSENT FOR THE MIC
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND HEMOGLOBIN MEASU
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WEIGHT, HEIGHT, HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREM
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HIV TESTING FOR MEN AGE 15-54 301 C
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 2. REPRODUCTION NO. QUESTIO
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212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION NO. QUESTI
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SECTION 4. PREGNANCY AND POSTNATAL
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5A. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (LAS
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 5B. CHILD IMMUNIZATION (NEX
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SECTION 6. CHILD HEALTH AND NUTRITI
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SECTION 7. MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTI
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SECTION 8. FERTILITY PREFERENCES NO
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SECTION 9. HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND AND
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NO. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS SECTION 1
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 10. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS
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SECTION 11. OTHER HEALTH ISSUES NO.
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SECTION MM. MATERNAL MORTALITY MODU
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SECTION 13. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MODUL
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INSTRUCTIONS: COL. 1 COL. 2 ONLY ON
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SECTION 1. RESPONDENT'S BACKGROUND
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SECTION 3. CONTRACEPTION 301 Now I
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SECTION 6. EMPLOYMENT AND GENDER RO
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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SECTION 7. HIV/AIDS NO. QUESTIONS A
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS TO BE FI
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MALAWI GOVERNEMNT NATIONAL STATISTI
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Malawi 2015-16

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