Malawi 2015-16

13.9.1 Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 209
13.9.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 210
13.9.3 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 211
13.9.4 Multiple Sexual Partners .................................................................................... 211
13.9.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 212
14 HIV PREVALENCE ................................................................................................................... 229
14.1 Coverage Rates for HIV Testing ..................................................................................... 229
14.2 HIV Prevalence ............................................................................................................... 230
14.2.1 HIV Prevalence by Age and Sex ........................................................................ 230
14.2.2 HIV Prevalence by Sexual Risk Behaviour ....................................................... 232
14.2.3 HIV Prevalence among Young People .............................................................. 232
14.2.4 HIV Prevalence by Other Characteristics Related to HIV Risk ......................... 233
14.2.5 HIV Prevalence among Couples ........................................................................ 233
15 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ............................................................................. 245
15.1 Data ................................................................................................................................. 245
15.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ................................................................................ 246
15.3 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality ........................................................................... 247
15.4 Trends in Pregnancy-Related Mortality ........................................................................... 248
16 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 251
16.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 252
16.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 252
16.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 253
16.4 Women’s Control Over Their Own Earnings and over Those of Their Husbands .......... 254
16.5 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 254
16.6 Ownership of Title or Deed for House and Land ............................................................ 255
16.7 Ownership of Bank Accounts and Mobile Phones .......................................................... 255
16.8 Participation in Decision Making .................................................................................... 256
16.9 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 257
16.10 Attitudes toward Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husband .............................. 258
16.11 Ability to Negotiate Sexual Relations with Husband ...................................................... 259
16.12 Women’s Empowerment Indicators ................................................................................ 260
16.13 Current Use of Contraception by Woman’s Empowerment Status ................................. 260
16.14 Women’s Empowerment and Ideal Number of Children and Unmet Need for the
Family .............................................................................................................................. 260
16.15 Reproductive Health Care by Women’s Empowerment .................................................. 261
16.16 Early Childhood Mortality Rates by Women’s Status ..................................................... 261
17 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 279
17.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 280
17.2 Women’s Experience of Physical Violence .................................................................... 281
17.2.1 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ...................................................................... 282
17.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 282
17.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 282
17.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 283
17.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 283
17.5 Marital Control by Husband ............................................................................................ 283
17.6 Forms of Spousal Violence .............................................................................................. 284
17.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 284
17.7 Injuries to Women due to Spousal Violence ................................................................... 287
17.8 Violence Initiated by Women against Husbands ............................................................. 287
vi • Contents