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4.4 Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA)--the portion of the voids in the mineral aggregate that contain asphalt binder. This represents the volume of the effective asphalt content. 4.5 Bulk Specific Gravity (G,o)- the ratio of the mass in air of a unit volume of a permeable material (including both permeable and impermeable voids normal to the material) at a stated temperature to the mass in air (of equal density) of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature. 4.6 Effective Specific Gravity (Gs_)--the ratio of the mass in air of a unit volume of a permeable material (excluding voids permeable to asphalt) at a stated temperature to the mass in air (of equal density) of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature. 4.7 Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity (Gmm)- the ratio of the mass of a given volume of voidless (Va = 0) HMA at a stated temperature (usually 25 °C) to a mass of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the same temperature.1 4.8 Volume of Absorbed Asphalt (Vb_)--the volume of asphalt binder in the HMA that has been absorbed into the pore structure of the aggregate, Vba is the volume of asphalt binder in the HMA for which the effective asphalt content cannot account. 5. PROCEDURE NOTE4.--The accuracy of determinations of specific gravity for mix design is extremely important. Unless specific gravities are determined to three decimal places (four significant figures) an absolute error in the calculation of the air voids content of as much as 0.8% can occur (e.g., an actual value of 4.2% may be measured anywhere in the range of 3.4 to 5.0%). Therefore, balances of appropriate sensitivity must be used to measure the masses employed in the specific gravity determinations. 5.1 Determine the percent of asphalt binder and aggregate by the total weight of the mixture (T164 and T170). Report as Pb and Ps, respectively. 5.2 Separate the coarse (retained on the 4.75 mm sieve) and fine aggregate fractions from the mineral filler fraction (passing the 75/zm sieve). Calculate the percent of each fraction by the total weight of the aggregate and report as P1, P2 and P3, respectively. 5.3 Measure the specific gravity of: the asphalt binder (T228); the coarse aggregate (T85); the fine aggregate (T84); and the mineral filler (T100). Report as G0, G1, G2 and G3, respectively. ICaution should be used when measuring the theoretical maximum specific gravity of HMA containing highly absorptive aggregates. Work conducted in <strong>SHRP</strong> Contract A-003B demonstrated that absorption may continue over a period of hours, and the value of G,.,. may change significantly until absorption is completed. 235
5.4 Calculate the bulk specific gravity, Gsb, of the combined aggregate recovered from the HMA by the following equation: (e +e:e3) G,b- PI P2 P3 5.5 Measure the theoretical maximum specific gravity of the compacted HMA (T209) and report as G_. 5.6 Measure the bulk specific gravity of the compacted HMA (T166) and report as 5.7 Calculate the effective specific gravity of the aggregate, Gse, by the following equation: (1oo-ep 6 e- ( I0___00 Pb) Gram G b 5.8 Calculate the absorbed asphalt, Pba, as a percent by weight of the aggregate by the following equation: (G)(G_e-G,)×i00 (6b6e) 5.9 Calculatetheeffective asphaltcontent,PbeoftheHMA equation: by thefollowing P_ =Pb-[ (P_P_) ] 100 5.10 Calculate the percent voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) by the following equation: VMA= 100-[ G_bPs] ¢Jsb where Ps is the percent of aggregate by the total weight of the mixture. 5.11 Calculate the percent air voids, Va, in the compacted HMA by the following equation: 236
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SHR -A-379 The SUPERPAVE Mix Design
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Acknowledgments The research descri
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M-003 Determining the Shear and Sti
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Introduction This volume of the Fin
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Table 2. AASHTO and Other Test Meth
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T48 Method of Test for Flash and Fi
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10. KEY WORDS Asphalt binder, aspha
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Table 1. Performance-Graded Asphalt
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2.2 ASTM Standards: C802 Conducting
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7. APPARATUS 7.1 Bending Beam Rheom
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7.6 Calibrated Thermometers--Calibr
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11.3 Perform a daily quality contro
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NOTE9.--The specified preload on th
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dG d2 --_ I d __
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CO U_ P z_ MLLI L_O° _ _ _c_ r_ j4
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m) _L wO O_ W _Z _W W_ Z w W_ 0 _ w
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1.4 Maximum bending stress--The max
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Sy = log S(8) + log S(15) + ... log
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Z 1.3 1.2 1.1 , , .... J 1 • '; "
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T240 Test Method for Effect of Heat
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5.2 The complex shear modulus is an
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7. HAZARDS 7.1 Standard laboratory
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9.1.1.2.3 A thermocouple probe shal
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Typically, reliable test results ma
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figure 1 can be generated by gradua
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150 "ZERO" STRAIN VALUE O" STRAIN V
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5.3 For evaluating an asphalt binde
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time. A change in the load signal e
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9.1.1 Load cell--Verify calibration
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11.2 Immediately after demolding, p
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13.1.5 the average failure strain,
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IA A 5,0 I 6 0 86,0 9,5 FILLET O,K.
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--__6_- -_A AL AL _ o 0 _ _ _ "_ f-
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I __;___ i --_'-- :" (_ . /_/Spring
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points within the pressure vessel a
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NOTE7.--Aging temperature in the PA
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13. KEY WORDS Accelerated aging, el
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to temperaturetransducerand te_llpe
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3. SUMMARY OF METHOD 3.1 The paving
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7. PRECAUTIONS 7.1 Solvents should
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9.4 Final Extraction and Recovery 9
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Glass Wool Plug Figure 2. Extractio
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5.761 in I.D. 6 holes 3/16 in I.D.
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1/4 I.D. 5 3/4 in I.D. 6 holes 5/16
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Polypropylene Cloth Filter I" .....
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114 in I.D. 11 1/4 in I.D. 8 holes
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3. SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD 3.1 A sol
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drying should be re-dried. Caution:
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8.16 Clean the funnels, volumetric
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Adsorption/Desorption Testing Data
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2.3 ASTM Standards: D 4402 Measurem
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5.6.3 Start time of test; 5.6.4 Spe
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9.1.1 Weigh the aggregate fractions
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11. CALCULATIONS AND INTERPRETATION
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3.1 Test System--The test system is
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4.3 Determine Air Void Content--Det
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• vertical displacement of the sp
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The following engineering quantitie
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the axial actuator is under closed
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Figure 2. Platen-Specimen Assembly
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Figure 4. Positioning of Vertical a
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tO0 © © ....... OT...=.c on A TEM
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Standard Method of Test for Determi
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3. SUMMARY OF METHOD 3.1 This test
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6.5.1 For analog strip-chart record
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8. PROCEDURE 8.1 Measure the bulk s
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movement per minute. Both the horiz
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If E is greater than 0.01, substitu
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Table 1. Correction Factors for Hor
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Figure 2. Specimen Loading Frame wi
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6. APPARATUS 6.1 Environmental Cond
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9.3 Heat or cool the asphalt concre
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pressed. Otherwise, measure and rec
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10.7.2.3 Apply a repeated axial com
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11.3.1 Peak Stress (kPa) per load c
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12.1.3 Aggregate Type and Gradation
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Specimen Temperature Hi/Lo Limit Pr
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i Pressure Differential Gauge /_ 0
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I0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ooo00 0 0 '_,Oo
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" Total Elastic 0 Ei._ 0 121 Plasti
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T201 Method of Test for Kinematic V
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6.4.4 One metal spatula or spoon 6.
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11.1.1 Asphalt Binder Grade 11.1.2
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D 1561-81a Preparation of Bituminou
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After filling, close all containers
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l i /l Gmb = . (1) B-Cwhere A = Mas
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8. REPORT 8.1 The report shall incl
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1 RAMP, ..:i!i!iiiii:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:
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3.3 Epoxy Nut to Neutral Axis of Sp
Page 187 and 188: 5.1.6 Cumulative Dissipated Energy
Page 189 and 190: plot 6.1.11 Plot of Dissipated Ener
Page 191 and 192: Figure 2. Nut Epoxied to Neutral Ax
Page 193 and 194: Figure 4. Nut/Block/Screw/LVDT Conn
Page 195 and 196: 0 OO £ m -r"_ mlO 5 10 4 , [ 'T I
Page 197 and 198: As a minimum, the test system, shou
Page 199 and 200: With the ink marker, trace diar_.et
Page 201 and 202: 5. CALCULATIONS A_er the specime_ f
Page 203 and 204: Step Motor L,.._ Loading Rod Swivel
Page 205 and 206: ATHENA TEMPERATURECONTROLLER ii:!i:
Page 207 and 208: Standard Practice for The Laborator
Page 209 and 210: 2.2 SHRP Documents B-006 Extraction
Page 211 and 212: using the same SUPERPAVE ® perform
Page 213 and 214: must be used with the modifier from
Page 215 and 216: 8.2.3 Sections 8.3 and 8.4 present
Page 217 and 218: 8.8.2 Conditioning and Testing--Car
Page 219 and 220: 9. LABORATORY EVALUATION OF AGGREGA
Page 221 and 222: shear, volumetric and frequency swe
Page 223 and 224: 12.2 The HMA plant should produce t
Page 225 and 226: Table 1. Modifier Selection and Cha
Page 227 and 228: Table 5. Guidelines for Binder Modi
Page 229 and 230: Standard Practice for Grading or Ve
Page 231 and 232: 6. TEST PROCEDURE FOR GRADING AN UN
Page 233 and 234: 7. TEST PROCEDURE FOR VERIFYING THE
Page 235 and 236: 8. REPORT 8.1 If the grade of the a
Page 237: 1.4 In order to attain adequate pre
Page 241 and 242: Standard Practice for Measurement o
Page 243 and 244: Table 1. Test Matrix for Level 2 Mi
Page 245 and 246: 6. SPECIMEN PREPARATION 6.1 All tes
Page 247 and 248: Record axial deformation, shear def
Page 249 and 250: 7.3.5 Since the specimen will be su
Page 251 and 252: NOTE 15.--At each temperature, the
Page 253 and 254: Table 7. Time Estimate for Level 2
Page 255: NOTEA1.2.--This stress-controlled t
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