Direct Energy, 2018a

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6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 111 Energy Levels of Aluminum and Phosphorous 0 3p 3s 100 2p Energy in eV 200 300 400 500 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 2s 2s 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 2p 2s 600 2s 700 Aluminum Phosphorous Figure 6.3: Zoomed in version of the energylevel diagram of isolated aluminum and phosphorous atoms at T =0K plotted using data from [70].
112 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy Level Diagrams 0 Energy Levels of Aluminum and Phosphorous 100 200 Energy in eV 300 400 500 600 700 Aluminum AlP Phosphorous Figure 6.4: Energy level diagram at T =0 K of an isolated aluminum atom, AlP crystal, and isolated phosphorous atom. Energy levels for the isolated atoms are from [70]. Energy levels for AlP are a rough illustration and not from actual data.
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Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
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CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
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CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
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CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
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4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
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6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
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8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
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10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
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12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
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14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
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16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
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18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
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20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
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22 1.7 Problems
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24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
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26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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28 2.2 Capacitors â z â y â x No
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30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
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32 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Piezoe
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34 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Lattic
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36 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Herman
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38 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Figure
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40 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices c a β
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42 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices In cer
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44 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices made m
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46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
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48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
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50 2.4 Problems 2.13. Consider a pi
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52 2.4 Problems 2.16. The gure belo
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54 3.2 Pyroelectricity Material Che
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56 3.3 Electro-Optics KH 2 PO 4 [25
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58 3.3 Electro-Optics The rst two t
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Page 73 and 74: 62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
Page 75 and 76: 64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
Page 77 and 78: 66 3.5 Problems −→ DinC/m 2 unp
Page 79 and 80: 68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
Page 81 and 82: 70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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Page 85 and 86: 74 4.3 Antenna Components and Denit
Page 87 and 88: 76 4.4 Antenna Characteristics ante
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Page 91 and 92: 80 4.4 Antenna Characteristics Azim
Page 93 and 94: 82 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 4.4.
Page 95 and 96: 84 4.4 Antenna Characteristics 5 Li
Page 97 and 98: 86 4.5 Problems Figure 4.6: A snow
Page 99 and 100: 88 4.5 Problems 4.5. Match the foll
Page 101 and 102: 90 4.5 Problems 4.8. Radiation patt
Page 103 and 104: 92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
Page 105 and 106: 94 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
Page 107 and 108: 96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
Page 109 and 110: 98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
Page 111 and 112: 100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
Page 113 and 114: 102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
Page 115 and 116: 104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
Page 121: 110 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
Page 131 and 132: 120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
Page 133 and 134: 122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
Page 135 and 136: 124 6.5 Pn Junctions an excess of n
Page 137 and 138: 126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
Page 139 and 140: 128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
Page 141 and 142: 130 6.6 Solar Cells dot based mater
Page 143 and 144: 132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel
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Page 148 and 149: 6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
Page 150 and 151: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
Page 152 and 153: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
Page 154 and 155: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
Page 156 and 157: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
Page 158 and 159: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 147 If we
Page 160 and 161: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
Page 162 and 163: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 151 easil
Page 164 and 165: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
Page 166 and 167: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
Page 168 and 169: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
Page 170 and 171: 7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 161 the o
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 163 Ti:Sa
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 165 the b
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categ
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 175 Symbol Name V
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 177 per unit volu
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 179 kPa, and the
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 181 Seebeck Effec
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 183 gradient acro
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 185 thermocouples
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 189 or mass invol
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 191 temperatures?
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 195 8.9 Problems
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 197 8.8. A thermo
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 199 Figure 8.5 8.
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202 9.2 Measures of the Ability of
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212 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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214 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
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228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
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230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
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234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
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236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
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238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
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240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
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242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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244 10.6 Electrouidics
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246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
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248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
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250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
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252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
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254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
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256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
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258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
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264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
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266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
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268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
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270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
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276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
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282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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About the Book Direct Energy Conver
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Direct Energy, 2018a

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