Direct Energy, 2018a

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4 ANTENNAS 87 (d) Which antenna do you expect to be more isotropic: antenna a, antenna b, or would they be about the same? Explain your choice. (e) Which antenna is more likely to be used as a receiver than a transmitter: antenna a, antenna b, or both antennas about equal? Explain your choice. 4.3. Some speculate that alien civilizations might be able to watch TV programs that escape the earth's atmosphere. To get an idea of the likelihood for this to occur, consider an isotropic antenna in outer space transmitting a 200 MHz TV signal. Assume that the alien civilization uses an antenna with surface area 0.5 m 2 and has the technology to detect a signal with power as low as 5 · 10 −22 W. What is the minimum power that must be transmitted for detection to occur at a distance of 1.0 light year? 4.4. Project ELF, described in Sec. 4.4.1, was an extremely low frequency, 76 Hz, radio system set by the military to communicate with submarines. It had facilities near Clam Lake, Wisconsin and Republic, Michigan, 148 miles apart [52]. Because these facilities were located a fraction of a wavelength apart, antennas at these locations acted as part of a single array. The length of all antenna elements was 84 miles [52]. Assume it took 18 minutes to transmit a three letters message using 8 bit ASCII, and assume signals travel close to the speed of light in free space. (a) Calculate the ratio of the distance between the transmitting facilities to the wavelength. (b) Calculate the ratio of the length of all antenna elements to the wavelength. (c) What was the speed of communication in bits per second? (d) How many wavelengths long were each bit?
88 4.5 Problems 4.5. Match the following plots or antenna descriptions with their azimuth plots. 1. An antenna with 3D plot shown below 2. An isotropic antenna 3. An antenna with nulls at ±90 0 4. An antenna with a gain of around 19dB A. B. C. D. 4.6. Radiation pattern plots are for a particular transmitting antenna are shown. They were plotted with EZNEC. The azimuth plot is on the left, and the elevation plot is on the right. The antenna is designed to operate at at 360 MHz. Use the plots to answer the following questions.
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Direct Energy Conversion by Andrea
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CONTENTS i Contents Contents i 1 In
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CONTENTS iii 6.3.2 Energy Levels in
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CONTENTS v 9.6 Fuel Cells . . . . .
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Acknowledgements I would like to th
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2 1.2 Preview of Topics to connect
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4 1.2 Preview of Topics Math throug
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6 1.2 Preview of Topics Process Spo
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8 1.2 Preview of Topics drodynamic
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10 1.4 Measures of Power and Energy
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12 1.5 Properties of Materials 1.5
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14 1.5 Properties of Materials most
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16 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves −→
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18 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves Relate
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20 1.6 Electromagnetic Waves A unif
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22 1.7 Problems
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24 2.2 Capacitors 2.2 Capacitors 2.
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26 2.2 Capacitors 2.2.3 Permittivit
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28 2.2 Capacitors â z â y â x No
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30 2.2 Capacitors Figure 2.3: Natur
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32 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Piezoe
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34 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices Lattic
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Page 57 and 58: 46 2.3 Piezoelectric Devices tions.
Page 59 and 60: 48 2.4 Problems 2.5. A piezoelectri
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Page 65 and 66: 54 3.2 Pyroelectricity Material Che
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Page 73 and 74: 62 3.4 Notation Quagmire Notation i
Page 75 and 76: 64 3.5 Problems 3.5 Problems 3.1. F
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Page 79 and 80: 68 4.1 Introduction Center-fed half
Page 81 and 82: 70 4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation In
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Page 103 and 104: 92 5.2 Physics of the Hall Eect The
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Page 107 and 108: 96 5.3 Magnetohydrodynamics This am
Page 109 and 110: 98 5.5 Applications of Hall Eect De
Page 111 and 112: 100 5.6 Problems 5.6 Problems 5.1.
Page 113 and 114: 102 6.2 The Wave and Particle Natur
Page 115 and 116: 104 6.3 Semiconductors and Energy L
Page 131 and 132: 120 6.4 Crystallography Revisited L
Page 133 and 134: 122 6.5 Pn Junctions E Indirect Sem
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Page 137 and 138: 126 6.5 Pn Junctions V x - + Energy
Page 139 and 140: 128 6.6 Solar Cells to day and loca
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Page 143 and 144: 132 6.7 Photodetectors Solar Panel
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6 PHOTOVOLTAICS 137 6.3. The gure i
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 139 7 Lam
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 141 Photo
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 143 Absor
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 145 We ca
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 147 If we
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 149 tube
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 151 easil
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 153 Power
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 155 Two L
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 157 but n
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 159 of ec
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 161 the o
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 163 Ti:Sa
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 165 the b
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 167 Gas D
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 169 categ
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7 LAMPS, LEDS, AND LASERS 171 7.8.
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 173 8 Thermoelect
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 175 Symbol Name V
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 177 per unit volu
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 179 kPa, and the
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 181 Seebeck Effec
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 183 gradient acro
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 185 thermocouples
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 187 The gure of m
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 189 or mass invol
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 191 temperatures?
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 193 Figure 8.4: L
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 195 8.9 Problems
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 197 8.8. A thermo
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8 THERMOELECTRICS 199 Figure 8.5 8.
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202 9.2 Measures of the Ability of
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212 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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214 9.3 Charge Flow in Batteries an
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216 9.4 Measures of Batteries and F
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224 9.5 Battery Types specic energi
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226 9.5 Battery Types at the anode
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228 9.5 Battery Types Figure 9.8: T
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230 9.6 Fuel Cells Fuel cell compon
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232 9.6 Fuel Cells 9.6.3 Practical
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234 9.7 Problems 9.7 Problems 9.1.
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236 9.7 Problems A E - + I B D H 2
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238 10.3 Radiation Detectors high e
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240 10.5 Resistive Sensors capacito
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242 10.6 Electrouidics However, ene
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244 10.6 Electrouidics
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246 11.2 Lagrangian and Hamiltonian
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248 11.3 Principle of Least Action
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250 11.4 Derivation of the Euler-La
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252 11.5 Mass Spring Example not in
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254 11.5 Mass Spring Example Path 1
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256 11.5 Mass Spring Example We can
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258 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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260 11.6 Capacitor Inductor Example
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262 11.7 Schrödinger's Equation 11
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264 11.8 Problems 11.4. Figure 11.2
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266 11.8 Problems a famous result k
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268 11.8 Problems (c) Find the gene
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270 12.2 Electrical Energy Conversi
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276 12.3 Mechanical Energy Conversi
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282 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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284 12.4 Thermodynamic Energy Conve
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286 12.5 Chemical Energy Conversion
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288 12.6 Problems 12.6 Problems 12.
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290 12.6 Problems 12.6. Match the d
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292 13.1 Introduction • Describe
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294 13.2 Preliminary Ideas Assuming
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296 13.3 Derivation of the Lagrangi
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306 13.4 Deriving the Thomas Fermi
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308 13.5 From Thomas Fermi Theory t
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310 13.6 Problems (a) Write the Ham
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312 14.1 Introduction damental equa
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314 14.2 Types of Symmetries be wri
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316 14.3 Continuous Symmetries and
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322 14.4 Derivation of the Innitesi
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330 14.5 Invariants and we end up w
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332 14.5 Invariants in the limit ε
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334 14.5 Invariants Next use Eq. 14
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336 14.6 Summary 14.6 Summary In th
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338 14.7 Problems 14.6. The equatio
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340 14.7 Problems
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342 Appendices Symbol Quantity Unit
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350 Appendices Prex name Symbol Val
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352 Appendices for voltage. (As an
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354 Appendices Material or Device S
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356 REFERENCES [15] E. C. Jordan an
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358 REFERENCES [45] V. K. Tikhomiro
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360 REFERENCES [73] M. G. Thomas, H
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362 REFERENCES [100] A. Ishibashi,
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364 REFERENCES [125] D. Wright, Req
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366 REFERENCES [150] J. P. Owejan,
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368 REFERENCES [175] G. K. Woodgate
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Index Absorption, 139 Action, 247 A
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372 INDEX Nernst equation, 220 Neur
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Direct Energy, 2018a

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